Inhibition of sugar uptake by ascorbic acid in Escherichia coli

The uptake of glucose by the glucose phosphotransferase system in Escherichia coli was inhibited greater than 90% by ascorbate. The uptake of the nonmetabolizable analog of glucose, methyl-alpha-glucoside, was also inhibited to the same extent, confirming that it was the transport process that was sensitive to ascorbate. Similarly, it was the transport function of mannose phosphotransferase for which mannose and nonmetabolizable 2-deoxyglucose were substrates that was partially inhibited by ascorbate. Other phosphotransferase systems, including those for the uptake of sorbitol, fructose and N-acetylglucosamine, but not mannitol, were also inhibited to varying degrees by ascorbate. The inhibitory effect on the phosphotransferase systems was reversible, required the active oxidation of ascorbate, was sensitive to the presence of free-radical scavengers, and was insensitive to uncouplers. Because ascorbate was not taken up by E. coli, it was concluded that the active inhibitory species was the ascorbate free radical and that it was interacting reversibly with a membrane component, possibly the different enzyme IIB components of the phosphotransferase systems. Ascorbate also inhibited other transport systems causing a slight reduction in the passive diffusion of glycerol, a 50% inhibition of the shock-sensitive uptake of maltose, and a complete inhibition of the proton-symport uptake of lactose. Radical scavengers had little or no effect on the inhibition of these systems.     

Surface-charge related actions of polylysine on thylakoid membranes

Polycation binding to the negatively charged surface of chloroplast thylakoid membranes is known to cause an inhibition of photosystem I activity. It also interferes with the cation-dependent rearrangement of chlorophyll proteins in the thylakoid membrane. It was shown that added anions prevented or reversed the inhibition of photosystem I by polylysine without decreasing its binding to the membranes. Anions also caused a change in the interaction of the chlorophyll proteins in polylysine-treated thylakoids as indicated by an increase in the relative fluorescence intensity from photosystem II. In both cases, the relative effectiveness of the anions tested depended on their valence; for example, the tetravalent species Fe(CN)₆^4t- was effective at a concentration at least 2 orders of magnitude lower than the divalent species SO₄^2?. These results suggest that anions act by screening the positive charge of the polylysine-coated membrane surface. Measurements of the response of the anionic fluorescent probe 1-anilinonapthalene-8-sulfonate to an addition of anions to polylysine-treated thylakoids supported this contention. It was concluded that the action of polylysine on photosystem I and on the chlorophyll proteins is mediated by changes of the electrical properties of the thylakoid membrane and may not involve a direct binding of the polycation to the affected membrane proteins.     

Determination of Root Exudates in a Steril Continuous Flow Culture. II. Short-Term and Long-Term Variations of Exudation Intensity

The exudate production of alfalfa under the conditions of the sterile flow culture was quantitatively measured. In the first 40 days 3.10⁻³ μmoles amino-N, 2.5 μequivalents of organic acids and approximately 10⁻⁴ μmoles of reducing sugars were liberated per plant and per day into the percolating nutrient solution. The amino acid concentration in the outflow varies according to a daily periodicity. The exudation of a colored substance also shows daily periodical variations. This pattern is different from the pattern of the amino acid exudation, however, and directly coupled to shoot illumination. Short-term 2,4-dinitrophenol additions to the nutrient lower the liberation of amino acids into the percolating solution.     

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Monoclonal antibodies and idiotypic network activation for ovarian carcinoma

Antibodies can be processed by the B- and T-cell systems and may lead to a selective activation of the immune system. The network structure of the immune system implicates the possibility of a selective immunization by the activation of idiotypic cascades. In a retrospective analysis, patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma, who had received MAb, against the cancer-associated antigen CA125 for diagnostic purposes, were analyzed for the production of anti-idiotypic antibodies, survival rate, and immunological effects. Furthermore, we started a prospective and randomized study for ovarian cancer patients, using a different antigen, TAG72, for the induction of idiotypic cascades. Our first results on 58 patients with advanced ovarian carcinomas showed that the induction of anti-idiotypic-antibodies against OC125 mimicking the TAA Class III CA125 leads to a prolongation of the survival rate, and, in extended stages, to an induction of antitumoral immunity, and that the induction of idiotypic cascades is also possible for different antigens like TAG72. Summarizing the activation of idio-typic network cascades seems to be a very effective way of intervention in the immune system of patients with advanced stages of ovarian carcinoma. A prospective study of the adjuvant approach seems to be necessary.     

A matter of timing: System requirements for repair and their temporal dimensions

Research into repair within the circular economy (CE) typically focuses on technical aspects of design, policy, and markets, and often assumes simplified conditions for the user/owner and the product system to explain the barriers to scaling repair activities. However, factors occurring at pre-use stages of the product's life cycle can significantly influence whether, and to what extent, repair is viable or possible, that is, warranty duration, after-sale service provision, and access to necessities. The passing of time can directly and indirectly affect the ability, difficulty, and thus, the likelihood of repair activities being performed at each stage of the product's life cycle. Drawing from the literature and applying inductive systems-thinking tools, we propose a framework for considering the “System of Repairability.” We delineate how the passing of time (temporal dimensions) affects one's ‘‘ability to repair,’’ as a product progresses through different life cycle phases (i.e., breakdown vs. repair vs. disposal), and the point(s) at which the repair is considered or attempted (i.e., year of usage). By integrating life cycle and temporal (time-based) dimensions into a broad System of Repairability framework, we clarify relevant interconnections, iterations, sequences, and timing of decision points, stakeholders, and necessary conditions to facilitate an outcome of successful repair at the individual level, and thus intervention strategies for scaling repair within CE. We discuss how a policy mix can address the life cycle of products and the repair system more holistically. We conclude with a future outlook on how temporal dimensions can inform policy strategies and future research.