Zoning has little impact on the seasonal diel activity and distribution patterns of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in an UNESCO Biosphere Reserve

Understanding the spatio‐temporal distribution of ungulates is important for effective wildlife management, particularly for economically and ecologically important species such as wild boar (Sus scrofa). Wild boars are generally considered to exhibit substantial behavioral flexibility, but it is unclear how their behavior varies across different conservation management regimes and levels of human pressure. To analyze if and how wild boars adjust their space use or their temporal niche, we surveyed wild boars across the core and buffer zones (collectively referred to as the conservation zone) and the transition zone of a biosphere reserve. These zones represent low and high levels of human pressure, respectively. Specifically, we employed a network of 53 camera traps distributed in the Schaalsee UNESCO Biosphere Reserve over a 14‐month period (19,062 trap nights) and estimated circadian activity patterns, diel activity levels, and occupancy of wild boars in both zones. To account for differences in environmental conditions and day length, we estimated these parameters separately for seven 2‐month periods. Our results showed that the wild boars were primarily nocturnal, with diurnal activity occurring dominantly during the summer months. The diel activity patterns in the two zones were very similar overall, although the wild boars were slightly less active in the transition zone than in the conservation zone. Diel activity levels also varied seasonally, ranging from 7.5 to 11.0 h day⁻¹, and scaled positively with the length of the night (R ² = 0.66–0.67). Seasonal occupancy estimates were exceptionally high (point estimates ranged from 0.65 to 0.99) and similar across zones, suggesting that the wild boars used most of the biosphere reserve. Overall, this result suggests that different conservation management regimes (in this case, the zoning of a biosphere reserve) have little impact on wild boar behavior. This finding is relevant for wildlife management in protected areas where possibly high wild boar densities could interfere with conservation goals within these areas and those of agricultural land use in their vicinity.     

Deciphering the physiological response of Escherichia coli under high ATP demand

One long‐standing question in microbiology is how microbes buffer perturbations in energy metabolism. In this study, we systematically analyzed the impact of different levels of ATP demand in Escherichia coli under various conditions (aerobic and anaerobic, with and without cell growth). One key finding is that, under all conditions tested, the glucose uptake increases with rising ATP demand, but only to a critical level beyond which it drops markedly, even below wild‐type levels. Focusing on anaerobic growth and using metabolomics and proteomics data in combination with a kinetic model, we show that this biphasic behavior is induced by the dual dependency of the phosphofructokinase on ATP (substrate) and ADP (allosteric activator). This mechanism buffers increased ATP demands by a higher glycolytic flux but, as shown herein, it collapses under very low ATP concentrations. Model analysis also revealed two major rate‐controlling steps in the glycolysis under high ATP demand, which could be confirmed experimentally. Our results provide new insights on fundamental mechanisms of bacterial energy metabolism and guide the rational engineering of highly productive cell factories.     

Distinct thyroid hormone‐dependent expression of trkB and p75NGFR in nonneuronal cells during the critical TH‐dependent period of the cochlea

Analyzing the thyroid hromone (TH)‐dependent period of the inner ear, we observed that the presence of triiodothyronine (T3) between postnatal day 3 (P3) and P12 is sufficient for functional maturation of the auditory system. Within this short time period, an unusual transient TH‐dependent expression of nonneuronal neurotrophin receptors (NT‐R) trkB and p75^NGFR was observed in correlation with neuronal and morphogenetic processes. The availability of thyroid hormone was revealed to be invariably correlated with (a) a transient expression of full‐length trkB in TRα1‐, TRα2‐ and TRβ1‐expressing hair cells concomitant to the segregation of afferent fibers and the synaptogenesis of efferent fibers; and (b) a transient expression of p75^NGFR in TRα1‐ and TRβ1‐expressing great epithelia ridge cells in direct spatiotemporal correlation with the appearance of apoptotic cells and morphogenetic maturation of the organ. For the first time, these data suggest a TH dependency of the expression of neurotrophin receptors in nonneuronal cells. A potential role of these peculiar neurotrophin receptor expression for the conversion of the biological function of TH on innervation patterning and morphogenesis during the critical TH‐dependent period of the inner ear may be considered. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 38: 338–356, 1999     

Galapagos – noch immer Trauminseln im Pazifik

Galapagos – still an ecological treasure in the Pacific Ocean The favourable confluence of major ocean currents created ideal conditions for a unique laboratory of evolution on the Galapagos Islands. In contrast to some other regions, most of the species that are typical of this archipelago have survived the human impact so far. Thus extraordinary experiences with Penguins at the equator, Flightless Cormorants, Sea Lions and Fur Seals, a wide variaty of seabirds, Green Turtles and Giant Tortoises, Marine and Land Iguanas, Mockingbirds and Darwin's Finches are still possible. Continued protection efforts have to minimize the influence of invasive species and to ensure that the booming tourism is as sustainable as possible.     

The Smac mimetic BV6 cooperates with STING to induce necroptosis in apoptosis-resistant pancreatic carcinoma cells

Pancreatic cancer (PC) still remains a major cause of cancer-related death worldwide and alternative treatments are urgently required. A common problem of PC is the development of resistance against apoptosis that limits therapeutic success. Here we demonstrate that the prototypical Smac mimetic BV6 cooperates with the stimulator of interferon (IFN) genes (STING) ligand 2′,3′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate (2′3′-cGAMP) to trigger necroptosis in apoptosis-deficient PC cells. Pharmacological inhibition of key components of necroptosis signaling, such as receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), significantly rescues PC cells from 2′3′-cGAMP/BV6/zVAD.fmk-mediated cell death, suggesting the induction of necroptosis. Consistently, 2′3′-cGAMP/BV6 co-treatment promotes phosphorylation of MLKL. Furthermore, we show that 2′3′-cGAMP stimulates the production of type I IFNs, which cooperate with BV6 to trigger necroptosis in apoptosis-deficient settings. STING silencing via siRNA or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout protects PC cells from 2′3′-cGAMP/BV6/zVAD.fmk-mediated cell death. Interestingly, we demonstrate that nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and IFN-regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) signaling are involved in triggering 2′3′-cGAMP/BV6/zVAD.fmk-induced necroptosis. In conclusion, we show that activated STING and BV6 act together to exert antitumor effects on PC cells with important implications for the design of new PC treatment concepts.Subject terms: Cancer, Cancer     

Complementary analysis of the vegetative membrane proteome of the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus

The Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is a serious human pathogen causing a wide variety of diseases, and its increasing resistance toward all available antibiotics makes its further investigation absolutely essential. We examined the membrane proteome of exponentially growing cells of S. aureus COL because this subproteome plays a major role in the virulence of the bacterium in its host. In general, an analysis of membrane proteins is impeded by their hydrophobic nature as well as by a high abundance of many cytosolic proteins. The implementation of three different technologies, one-dimensional gel-LC, two-dimensional LC, and a membrane shaving approach combined with MS/MS analyses, enabled an identification of 271 integral and 86 peripheral membrane proteins from exponentially growing cells. In particular, the latter approach that combined membrane shaving with a subsequent chymotrypsin digest of integral membrane domains of proteins greatly facilitated the detection of hydrophobic peptides derived from membrane-spanning segments (713 peptides, 60% of all peptides) and therefore yielded almost exclusively highly hydrophobic integral membrane proteins (96.7%). A comparison of the various methods disclosed the one-dimensional gel-LC and the shaving approach to be highly complementary techniques. A combination of them will reveal a most comprehensive view on membrane proteomes.     

Fluorescence nanoscopy by ground-state depletion and single-molecule return

We introduce far-field fluorescence nanoscopy with ordinary fluorophores based on switching the majority of them to a metastable dark state, such as the triplet, and calculating the position of those left or those that spontaneously returned to the ground state. Continuous widefield illumination by a single laser and a continuously operating camera yielded dual-color images of rhodamine- and fluorescent protein-labeled (living) samples, proving a simple yet powerful super-resolution approach.