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71.
Baljuls A Mueller T Drexler HC Hekman M Rapp UR 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2007,282(36):26575-26590
In mammals the RAF family of serine/threonine kinases consists of three members, A-, B-, and C-RAF. A prominent feature of RAF isoforms regards differences in basal and inducible kinase activities. To elucidate the nature of these differences, we studied the role of the nonconserved residues within the N-region (Negative-charge regulatory region). The nonconserved amino acids in positions -3 and +1 relative to the highly conserved serine 299 in A-RAF and serine 338 in C-RAF have so far not been considered as regulatory residues. Here we demonstrate the essential role of these residues in the RAF activation process. Substitution of tyrosine 296 in A-RAF to arginine led to a constitutively active kinase. In contrast, substitution of glycine 300 by serine (mimicking B- and C-RAF) acts in an inhibitory manner. Consistent with these data, the introduction of glycine in the analogous position of C-RAF (S339G mutant) led to a constitutively active C-RAF kinase. Based on the three-dimensional structure of the catalytic domain of B-RAF and using the sequences of the N-regions of A- and C-RAF, we searched by molecular modeling for the putative contact points between these two moieties. A tight interaction between the N-region residue serine 339 of C-RAF and arginine 398 of the catalytic domain was identified and proposed to inhibit the kinase activity of RAF proteins, because abrogation of this interaction contributes to RAF activation. Furthermore, tyrosine 296 in A-RAF favors a spatial orientation of the N-region segment, which enables a tighter contact to the catalytic domain, whereas a glutamine residue at this position in C-RAF abrogates this interaction. Considering this observation, we suggest that tyrosine 296, which is unique for A-RAF, is a major determinant of the low activating potency of this RAF isoform. 相似文献
72.
Wang W Lohi H Skurat AV DePaoli-Roach AA Minassian BA Roach PJ 《Archives of biochemistry and biophysics》2007,457(2):264-269
Laforin, encoded by the EPM2A gene, by sequence is a member of the dual specificity protein phosphatase family. Mutations in the EPM2A gene account for around half of the cases of Lafora disease, an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by progressive myoclonus epilepsy. The hallmark of the disease is the presence of Lafora bodies, which contain polyglucosan, a poorly branched form of glycogen, in neurons, muscle and other tissues. Glycogen metabolizing enzymes were analyzed in a transgenic mouse over-expressing a dominant negative form of laforin that accumulates Lafora bodies in several tissues. Skeletal muscle glycogen was increased 2-fold as was the total glycogen synthase protein. However, the -/+glucose-6-P activity of glycogen synthase was decreased from 0.29 to 0.16. Branching enzyme activity was increased by 30%. Glycogen phosphorylase activity was unchanged. In whole brain, no differences in glycogen synthase or branching enzyme activities were found. Although there were significant differences in enzyme activities in muscle, the results do not support the hypothesis that Lafora body formation is caused by a major change in the balance between glycogen elongation and branching activities. 相似文献
73.
The increasing interest in studying enzyme kinetics under in vivo conditions requires practical methods to estimate control parameters from experimental data. In contrast to currently established approaches of dynamic modelling, this paper addresses the steady-state analysis of metabolic pathways. Within the framework of metabolic control analysis (MCA), elasticity coefficients are used to describe the control properties of a local enzyme reaction. The double modulation method is one of the first experimental approaches to estimate elasticity coefficients from measurements of steady-state flux rates and metabolite concentrations. We propose a generalized form of the double modulation method and compare it to the recently developed linear-logarithmic approach. 相似文献
74.
Sauermann M Hahne F Schmidt C Majety M Rosenfelder H Bechtel S Huber W Poustka A Arlt D Wiemann S 《Journal of biomolecular screening》2007,12(4):510-520
After sequencing the human genome, the challenge ahead is to systematically analyze the functions and disease relation of the proteins encoded. Here the authors describe the application of a flow cytometry-based high-throughput assay to screen for apoptosis-activating proteins in transiently transfected cells. The assay is based on the detection of activated caspase-3 with a specific antibody, in cells overexpressing proteins tagged C- or N-terminally with yellow fluorescent protein. Fluorescence intensities are measured using a flow cytometer integrated with a high-throughput autosampler. The applicability of this screen has been tested in a pilot screen with 200 proteins. The candidate proteins were all verified in an independent microscopy-based nuclear fragmentation assay, finally resulting in the identification of 6 apoptosis inducers. 相似文献
75.
Choi MR Groot M Drexler HC 《Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death》2007,12(11):2025-2035
RhoGDI2, a cytosolic regulator of Rho GTPase, is cleaved during apoptosis in a caspase-3 dependent fashion. By using 2D-gel
electrophoresis, mass spectrometry and Western blotting we investigate in this paper the functional consequences of RhoGDI2
processing. We can show that loss of the N-terminal 19 amino acids results in a shift of the isoelectric point of the truncated
RhoGDI2 (NΔ19) to a more basic value due to the removal of 9 acidic amino acids from the N-terminus, which may be responsible
for enhanced retention of the N-terminally truncated protein within the nuclear compartment. Fusion of the p53 nuclear export
signaling sequence MFRELNEALELK to NΔ19 (NΔ19NES) abolished its apoptosis promoting properties, while overexpression of NΔ19
significantly increased the susceptibility to apoptosis induction by the proteasome inhibitor PSI and by staurosporine. These
results suggest that cleavage of RhoGDI2 by caspase-3 is not a functionally irrelevant bystander effect of caspase activation
during apoptosis, but rather expedites progression of the apoptotic process. 相似文献
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79.
Konstantin Byrgazov Irina Grishkovskaya Stefan Arenz Nicolas Coudevylle Hannes Temmel Daniel N. Wilson Kristina Djinovic-Carugo Isabella Moll 《Nucleic acids research》2015,43(1):661-673
In Gram-negative bacteria, the multi-domain protein S1 is essential for translation initiation, as it recruits the mRNA and facilitates its localization in the decoding centre. In sharp contrast to its functional importance, S1 is still lacking from the high-resolution structures available for Escherichia coli and Thermus thermophilus ribosomes and thus the molecular mechanism governing the S1–ribosome interaction has still remained elusive. Here, we present the structure of the N-terminal S1 domain D1 when bound to the ribosome at atomic resolution by using a combination of NMR, X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. Together with biochemical assays, the structure reveals that S1 is anchored to the ribosome primarily via a stabilizing π-stacking interaction within the short but conserved N-terminal segment that is flexibly connected to domain D1. This interaction is further stabilized by salt bridges involving the zinc binding pocket of protein S2. Overall, this work provides one hitherto enigmatic piece in the ′ribosome puzzle′, namely the detailed molecular insight into the topology of the S1–ribosome interface. Moreover, our data suggest novel mechanisms that have the potential to modulate protein synthesis in response to environmental cues by changing the affinity of S1 for the ribosome. 相似文献
80.
Fiona Alings L. Peter Sarin Christian Fufezan Hannes C.A. Drexler Sebastian A. Leidel 《RNA (New York, N.Y.)》2015,21(2):202-212
Chemical modifications of transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules are evolutionarily well conserved and critical for translation and tRNA structure. Little is known how these nucleoside modifications respond to physiological stress. Using mass spectrometry and complementary methods, we defined tRNA modification levels in six yeast species in response to elevated temperatures. We show that 2-thiolation of uridine at position 34 (s2U34) is impaired at temperatures exceeding 30°C in the commonly used Saccharomyces cerevisiae laboratory strains S288C and W303, and in Saccharomyces bayanus. Upon stress relief, thiolation levels recover and we find no evidence that modified tRNA or s2U34 nucleosides are actively removed. Our results suggest that loss of 2-thiolation follows accumulation of newly synthesized tRNA that lack s2U34 modification due to temperature sensitivity of the URM1 pathway in S. cerevisiae and S. bayanus. Furthermore, our analysis of the tRNA modification pattern in selected yeast species revealed two alternative phenotypes. Most strains moderately increase their tRNA modification levels in response to heat, possibly constituting a common adaptation to high temperatures. However, an overall reduction of nucleoside modifications was observed exclusively in S288C. This surprising finding emphasizes the importance of studies that utilize the power of evolutionary biology, and highlights the need for future systematic studies on tRNA modifications in additional model organisms. 相似文献