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Submarine canyons are considered biodiversity hotspots which have been identified for their important roles in connecting the deep sea with shallower waters. To date, a huge gap exists between the high importance that scientists associate with deep-sea ecosystem services and the communication of this knowledge to decision makers and to the wider public, who remain largely ignorant of the importance of these services. The connectivity and complexity of marine ecosystems makes knowledge transfer very challenging, and new communication tools are necessary to increase understanding of ecological values beyond the science community. We show how the Ecosystem Principles Approach, a method that explains the importance of ocean processes via easily understandable ecological principles, might overcome this challenge for deep-sea ecosystem services. Scientists were asked to help develop a list of clear and concise ecosystem principles for the functioning of submarine canyons through a Delphi process to facilitate future transfers of ecological knowledge. These ecosystem principles describe ecosystem processes, link such processes to ecosystem services, and provide spatial and temporal information on the connectivity between deep and shallow waters. They also elucidate unique characteristics of submarine canyons. Our Ecosystem Principles Approach was successful in integrating ecological information into the ecosystem services assessment process. It therefore has a high potential to be the next step towards a wider implementation of ecological values in marine planning. We believe that successful communication of ecological knowledge is the key to a wider public support for ocean conservation, and that this endeavour has to be driven by scientists in their own interest as major deep-sea stakeholders. 相似文献
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Preclinical studies of monoclonal antibodies for intravesical radioimmunotherapy of human bladder cancer 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Russell Pamela J. Davis Karyn Kingsley Elizabeth Humphreys Julie Hanley Janelle O'Grady Helen Pearce Nicholas 《Cell biochemistry and biophysics》1994,24(1-3):155-161
Eighty percent of bladder cancers present as superficial disease. Many are multifocal, and apparently successful treatment
is frequently followed by recurrence. The use of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to target radiotherapy to these tumors offers
great potential, especially since they can be administered directly into the bladder (intravesically) bypassing many of the
side effects encountered to date with systemic MAb-based therapy. Implantation of human bladder cancer cell lines in the bladder
wall of nude rats results in tumor formation, providing an excellent model to test this. Tumor size can be monitored by X-ray
analysis after administration of urograffin. Comparative studies of two murine MAbs, BLCA-8, IgG3, and C1-137, IgG1, against
malignant human bladder cancer cells have been performed. Radio-immunoconjugates produced with125Iodine (125I) have been used for biodistribution studies following administration directly into rat bladder. Radioiodinated intact MAbs
or Fabs administered intravesically into nontumor bearing rats did not leak into the systemic circulation and were stable
in urine for up to 100 h. Biodistribution studies carried out following intravesical administration of radio-immunoconjugates
to tumor-bearing nude rats indicate better tumor uptake of C1-137 than BLCA-8. Further studies to test two-step intravesical
administration of biotinylated MAb followed by radioiodinated streptavidin are in progress. Our studies indicate that the
C1-137 MAb may have considerable potential for intravesical radioimmunotherapy of patients with superficial bladder tumors. 相似文献
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Myocilin is a 55-57-kDa protein that is a member of the olfactomedin protein family. It is expressed in the cornea, sclera and trabecular network of the eye, myelinated peripheral nerves, heart, skeletal muscle, trachea and other tissues. Myocilin binds to a domain of fibronectin, type IV collagen and laminen in the trabecular meshwork of the eye, and its expression is influenced by transforming growth factor beta. Because these extracellular matrix components also are common in the intervertebral disc, the objective of our study was to determine whether the matricellular protein myocilin could be detected in the human or sand rat intervertebral disc using immunohistochemistry and to assess its localization. We investigated 16 specimens of human disc tissue and discs from six sand rats. Three human disc cell cultures grown in three-dimensional culture also were evaluated. Immunocytochemical annulus analysis showed the presence of myocilin within the disc cell cytoplasm in some, but not all, cells. Extracellular matrix in both the human and sand rat disc was negative for myocilin localization. Myocilin is believed to play a role in cell-cell adhesion and/or signaling. Myocilin may have such functions within the disc cell population in a manner similar to tenascin, SPARC and thrombospondin, which are other matricellular proteins recently shown to be present in the disc. 相似文献
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Benjamin?SC?WadeEmail author Shantanu?H?Joshi Martin?Reuter Jonathan?D?Blumenthal Arthur?W?Toga Paul?M?Thompson Jay?N?Giedd 《Biology of sex differences》2014,5(1):16
Background
Supernumerary sex chromosome aneuploidies (sSCA) are characterized by the presence of one or more additional sex chromosomes in an individual’s karyotype; they affect around 1 in 400 individuals. Although there is high variability, each sSCA subtype has a characteristic set of cognitive and physical phenotypes. Here, we investigated the differences in the morphometry of the human corpus callosum (CC) between sex-matched controls 46,XY (N =99), 46,XX (N =93), and six unique sSCA karyotypes: 47,XYY (N =29), 47,XXY (N =58), 48,XXYY (N =20), 47,XXX (N =30), 48,XXXY (N =5), and 49,XXXXY (N =6).Methods
We investigated CC morphometry using local and global area, local curvature of the CC boundary, and between-landmark distance analysis (BLDA). We hypothesized that CC morphometry would vary differentially along a proposed spectrum of Y:X chromosome ratio with supernumerary Y karyotypes having the largest CC areas and supernumerary X karyotypes having significantly smaller CC areas. To investigate this, we defined an sSCA spectrum based on a descending Y:X karyotype ratio: 47,XYY, 46,XY, 48,XXYY, 47,XXY, 48,XXXY, 49,XXXXY, 46,XX, 47,XXX. We similarly explored the effects of both X and Y chromosome numbers within sex. Results of shape-based metrics were analyzed using permutation tests consisting of 5,000 iterations.Results
Several subregional areas, local curvature, and BLDs differed between groups.Moderate associations were found between area and curvature in relation to the spectrum and X and Y chromosome counts. BLD was strongly associated with X chromosome count in both male and female groups.Conclusions
Our results suggest that X- and Y-linked genes have differential effects on CC morphometry. To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare CC morphometry across these extremely rare groups.200.