文县疣螈繁殖初探

2006年4～9月、2007年4～9月,在四川青川初步观察了文县疣螈(Tylototriton wenxianensis)的繁殖习性,并研究了其主要特点,包括繁殖期雌雄差异、繁殖迁徙、交配与产卵、幼体发育等,同时在甘肃文县观察了其幼体的生长发育过程.结果表明,文县疣螈的繁殖期一般为4月上旬至9月上旬,繁殖期成体性比不断变化.该螈具有繁殖迁徙现象,迁徙及求偶行为由雄性占主动.求偶、交配及产卵均在水塘周围岸边的陆地上进行,产卵集中在5月初至7月末,雌螈平均产卵数为42.8枚(n=6),卵的平均孵化期为26.8 d(n=119).卵群的平均孵化率为46.3%(n=6).随着气温的升高、相对湿度和降水量的增加,雌螈产卵量和孵化率升高,卵的平均孵化期缩短.     

新疆甘草化学成分研究

从新疆甘草(GlycyrrhizauralensisFisch.)根中分离得到5个化合物,分别鉴定为:槲皮素(1)、甘草次酸(2)、阿魏酸(3)、5,7,3′,4′-四羟基-7-葡萄糖基二氢黄酮醇(4)、8,5′-二羟基3′α-鼠李糖黄酮(5)。其中化合物4,5为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

福建平潭一头误捕灰鲸的部分形态学记录

2011 年11 月5 日,福建省平潭县白青乡青峰村渔民出海作业时发现一头误撞定置刺网死亡的灰鲸,为福建省的首次灰鲸误捕案例,也是本世纪以来我国海域的首次灰鲸误捕记录。本文描述了该灰鲸的外形特征和骨骼系统,并报道外形和骨骼的测量数据。该灰鲸系雌性,体长1 309 cm,体重约21 t,为目前本种在我国海域搁浅/ 误捕记录中的最大个体。头骨长281 cm,宽128 cm,重250 kg;脊椎式为C7 + T13 + L13 +Ca23 = 56;指式为Ⅰ1,Ⅱ3,Ⅲ7,Ⅳ5,Ⅴ3;肋骨14 对,V 形骨10 枚。脊椎式、指式、肋骨和V 形骨较之以前的报道存在差异,说明灰鲸的脊椎式、指式、肋骨和V 形骨可能存在个体差异。此外,本文还综述了西北太平洋灰鲸目前所面临的主要致危因素。     

Effect of landscape factors on fish distribution in arctic Alaskan lakes

1. The distribution of species is affected by many factors operating at a variety of temporal and spatial scales in a heterogeneous landscape. In lakes, fish communities are dynamic, influenced by landscape‐level factors that control colonisation and extinction. 2. We used classification and regression tree (CART) analyses to quantify the importance of landscape‐level factors in determining the distribution of fish species in 168 arctic Alaskan lakes. Factors including lake size, depth, outflow gradient, distance to other lakes, lake order, altitude, river drainage and age of glacial surface were analysed. These factors could affect either access of fish to a lake (colonisation variables), or their survival in a lake that already had been colonised (extinction variables). 3. The presence of a species was predicted accurately in 78.4% ± 10.5% (mean ± SD) of cases, and absence in 75.0% ± 6.1% of cases. The relative importance of extinction versus colonisation variables varied with species. Extinction variables were most important for lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus), a mixture of extinction and colonisation variables was important for arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), and colonisation variables were most important for arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) and round whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum). 4. Ecological differences among species account for much of the difference in relative importance of colonisation versus extinction variables. In addition, stream piracy events have occurred over geologic time scales, which have resulted in lakes that are currently inaccessible but support relict fish populations. 5. Climate warming, currently occurring in the arctic, is likely to alter further the stream network, which could have dramatic effects on fish distributions by affecting access to isolated lakes or isolating lakes that are currently accessible.     

38株维氏气单胞菌分离株的AFLP基因分型研究

试验通过人工设计合成的通用接头以及与接头序列相匹配的专用引物, 对38株维氏气单胞菌分离株和1株维氏气单胞菌标准菌株进行AFLP基因分型研究。结果显示, 采用5对引物使39株维氏气单胞菌扩增出1080条可见条带, 片段长度在50-1000 bp之间, 其中多态性条带727条, 平均每对引物组合产生154条多态性条带, 平均多态性检出率为66.7%。按UPGMA方法对条带进行聚类分析, 建立聚类分支树状图, 将39株维氏气单胞菌分为9个基因型, 其中第四类群基因Ⅳ型包含了14株菌株, 约占总菌数的35.9%, 分布在5个不同的地区, 推测其可能是引起斑点叉尾 发病的主要流行性基因型。不同地区分离的维氏气单胞菌具有地域性差异, 而同一地区分离株既存在相同基因型现象, 也存在基因型多样性现象。       

阿魏侧耳一新变种及其培养特征

本文报道在新疆塔城和木垒地区采集到阿魏侧耳一新变种,命名为阿魏侧耳托里变种[Pleurotus eryngii(DC.ex Ft.)Quel.var.tuoliensis Mou n.var.],并附汉文和拉丁文描述。同时还讨论了新变种和阿魏侧耳之间的区别。     

一个母系遗传非综合征耳聋大家系mtDNA序列分析

通过分析本家mtDNA序列,探讨淮阴一非综合耳聋大家患病的分子遗传学机制。采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增mtDNA与非综合征耳聋相关位点nt1555,nt7445的区域和人类种群研究的D－loop区,PCR－异源双链分析,PCR－RFLP、PCR产物克隆序列测定等技术对该家系进行了系统的研究。发现该家系中全部母系亲属有mtDNAA1555G突变,而家系中非母 个体,对照组（100例正常个体）的mtDNA1555位点均为A。该家系mtDNA7445位点无突变;该系属于Ⅱ型线性体;发现家系D－loop区存在未见报道的碱基插入。提示mtDNAA1555G位点突变可能是导致该家系患致聋的主要因素之一。遗传背景可能对家系疾病的表现存在一定程度的影响。     

Function and Chromosome Location of Differentially Expressed Genes in Gastric Cancer

Using Affymetrix U133A oligonucleotide microarrays, screening was done for genes that were differentially expressed in gastric cancer (T) and normal gastric mucosa (C), and their chromosome location was characterized by bioinformatics. A total of 270 genes were found to have a difference in expression levels of more than eight times. Of them 157 were up-regulated (Signal Log Ratio [SLR]≥3), and 113 were down-regulated (SLR≤-3). Except for, four genes with unknown localization, a vast majority of the genes were sporadically distributed over every chromosome. However, chromosome 1 contained the most differentially expressed genes (26 genes, or 9.8%), followed by chromosomes 11 and 19 (both 24 genes, or 9.1%). These genes were also more likely to be on the short-arm of the chromosome (q), which had 173 (65%). When these genes were classified according to their functions, it was found that most (67 genes, 24.8%) belonged to the enzymes and their regulators groups. The next group was the signal transduction genes group (43 genes, 15.9%). The rest of the top three groups were nucleic acid binding genes (17, 6.3%), transporter genes (15, 5.5%), and protein binding genes (12, 4.4%). These made up 56.9% of all the differentially expressed genes. There were also 50 genes of unknown function (18.5%). Therefore it was concluded that differentially expressed genes in gastric cancer seemed to be sporadically distributed across the genome, but most were found on chromosomes 1, 11 and 19. The five groups associated genes abnormality were important genes for further study on gastric cancer.     

原花青素提取及微胶囊化研究

作为葡萄加工的副产物,葡萄籽中富含葡萄籽油和低聚原花青素。作者利用超临界二氧化碳萃取葡萄籽后所得的残渣为原料,以含有0.8%醋酸的乙醇溶液为提取剂来提取其中的原花青素,在55℃条件下进行两次重复提取,葡萄籽残渣与提取液的比例控制在1∶8(W/V),每次提取60 min,原料中原花青素的提取率可以达到98.2%;为提高产品的贮藏稳定性,还对以阿拉伯胶与麦芽糊精组合作为原花青素微胶囊壁材来进行微胶囊化的工艺进行研究,结果表明在阿拉伯胶占壁材40%、芯壁材比为3∶7,混合液中固形物含量为20%的条件下,经喷雾干燥后所得原花青素的产率为88.84%,微胶囊化效率达到99.2%。检测结果表明,原花青素紫外吸收光谱在微胶囊化前后没有变化,而其贮藏稳定性得到提高。     

树木年轮揭示的东灵山主要树种间干旱耐受性差异

近年来北京地区的森林随极端干旱加剧表现出脆弱性特征,为了解气候变化下不同树种的干旱耐受性,选择北京东灵山森林内3个乔木树种(华北落叶松、油松和辽东栎),利用树木年轮生态学方法分析了径向生长与气候的关系,以及对极端干旱事件的抵抗力和弹性。结果表明: 华北落叶松和油松与5—6月气温呈显著负相关,辽东栎与5月气温呈显著负相关;华北落叶松与6月降水量、5—6月和8—9月相对湿度呈显著正相关,油松与6—8月降水量和相对湿度呈显著正相关,辽东栎与2月和5月降水量、5月相对湿度呈显著正相关;所有树种均与当年5—7月标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)呈显著正相关。华北落叶松是干旱耐受性最弱的树种,径向生长在所选极端干旱事件中(1994年、2001—2002年和2007年)下降幅度最大(46.6%～69.6%),抵抗力(0.534、0.304、0.530)和弹性(0.686、0.570、0.753)显著低于辽东栎和油松,辽东栎在2007年抵抗力显著高于油松,弹性无显著差异。生长季持续的高温或降水减少引起的极端干旱是树木径向生长下降的主要原因,树种间各异的生理生态策略是干旱耐受性差异的可能原因。研究结果可为未来造林树种选择和森林管护措施制定提供新依据,以在气候压力持续增加背景下维持森林生态系统功能和服务。