Effects of the S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors 3-deazaadenosine and 3-deazaaristeromycin on RNA methylation and synthesis

The effects of 3-deazaaristeromycin and 3-deazaadenosine on RNA methylation and synthesis were examined in the mouse macrophage cell line, RAW264. S-Adenosylhomocysteine accumulated in cells incubated with 3-deazaaristeromycin while S-3-deazaadenosylhomocysteine was the major product in cells incubated with 3-deazaadenosine and homocysteine thiolactone. RNA methylation was inhibited to a similar extent by the accumulation of either S-adenosylhomocysteine or S-3-deazaadenosylhomocysteine, with S-adenosylhomocysteine being a slightly better inhibitor. In mRNA, the synthesis of N6-methyladenosine and N6-methyl-2'-O-methyladenosine were inhibited to the greatest extent, while the synthesis of 7-methylguanosine and 2'-O-methyl nucleosides were inhibited to a lesser extent. Incubation of cells with 100 microM 3-deazaaristeromycin or with 10 microM 3-deazaadenosine and 50 microM homocysteine thiolactone produced little inhibition of mRNA synthesis, even though mRNA methylation was inhibited. In contrast, mRNA synthesis was greatly inhibited by treatment of cells with 100 microM 3-deazaadenosine and the inhibition of synthesis was not correlated with an inhibition of methylation.     

The metabolism of leukotrienes in blood plasma studied by high-performance liquid chromatography

The metabolism of leukotrienes (B4, C4, D4, and E4) within human plasma was studied and a simple sample preparation is presented. It was demonstrated that leukotriene E4 and leukotriene B4 were stable during incubation at 37 degrees C using the in vitro system. In contrast, leukotriene C4 was metabolized by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities into leukotriene D4 which was further metabolized by dipeptidase activities of plasma into leukotriene E4. The transition state inhibitor of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase L-serine-borate decreased the metabolism of leukotriene C4 in plasma. Dilution of plasma demonstrated that the dipeptidase was more active compared to the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. The metabolizing activities of plasma were functionally characterized by fractionating the plasma proteins.     

Intermediate sucrose octa-acetate sensitivity suggests a third allele at mouse bitter taste locus Soa and Soa-Rua identity

Mice have been characterized as either tasters or non-tastersof the bitter compound sucrose octa-acetate(SOA). However, 11of 17 supposedly non-taster inbred strains were found to avoid1 mM SOA. All 17 strains were indifferent to 0.1 mM SOA. Tasterstrains avoided both concentrations. The intermediate phenotypewas dubbed demitaster. A consistent phenotypic dominance orderwas found in crosses among both inbred and outbred strains (taster> non-taster > demitaster). Demitasters were found (withtasters) in an outbred strain showing monogenic segregationfor SOA avoidance. This, plus monogenic segregation in a back-crossof taster to demitaster inbred strains, suggested a third alleleat the Soa locus (Soa^c). Demitaster allelism was supported bythe strong associations found in 15 strains between the threeSOA phenotypes and HindIII restriction fragment patterns forthe closely linked Prp (proline rich protein) loci. SOA demitasterstrains were also intermediate in raffinose undeca-acetate (RUA)avoidance. Furthermore, B6.SW-Soa² congenic mice avoided notonly SOA, but RUA and eight other acetylated sugars. A previouslyproposed separate RUA-sensitivity gene (Rua) thus appeared tobe redundant.     

Intracellular and Extracellular Uptake of Cadmium by the Moss Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus

Intra- and extracellular Cd uptake were investigated in themoss Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus. Intracellular Cd uptake displayedMichaelis–Menten kinetics and showed that the moss hada high uptake rate and high affinity for Cd. Extracellular Cdbinding capacity was also high. The anion used had little effecton Cd uptake to either location but both intra- and extracellularCd uptake were reduced by equimolar concentrations of Ca, Mgor Zn, although inhibition was not wholly competitive. IntracellularCd uptake was not significantly affected by the supply of energygenerating reserves but, like extracellular Cd uptake, showedaltered characteristics following growth under controlled laboratoryconditions. The results are compared with data on Cd uptakeby the lichen genus Peltigera. Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus, moss, cadmium, intra- and extracellular uptake characteristics, kinetics     

Restriction sites containing CpG show a higher frequency of polymorphism in human DNA

Unique loci in the human genome were examined with restriction enzymes in order to detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Of 31 arbitrary loci, nine were detectably polymorphic, reflecting ten polymorphic restriction sites. Nine of the ten polymorphic sites were revealed with two restriction enzymes, Msp I and Taq I, whose recognition sequences have in common the dimer sequence CpG. The cytosines in the CpG sequence are known to be frequently methylated in mammals, and the occurrence of significant variation in Msp I and Taq I sites supports the view that methylated cytosine residues are hotspots for mutation in mammalian DNA.     

A comparison of techniques used to study the morphology of final instar larvae of aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae)

Abstract. The morphology of the head sclerites of final instar larvae of aphid parasitoids prepared from cast larval skins and excised heads of whole larvae are compared, using both optical and scanning electron microscopy. Remarkable differences in the apparent shape of head sclerites, particularly mandibles, were found. Some of these differences are probably due to a consistent dorso-ventral flattening of the head during moulting, observed in cast skin preparations, whereas excised heads tend to flatten antero-posteriorly. The importance of these findings for understanding the three-dimensional shape of final instar mandibles and for the study of larval morphology and taxonomy of Hymenoptera is discussed     

Cytochrome c peroxidase compound I: formation of covalent protein crosslinks during the endogenous reduction of the active site

Cytochrome c peroxidase (ferrocytochrome-c:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.5) was oxidized by hydrogen peroxide in the absence of exogenous electron donor. Higher molecular weight species were observed in the decay products at pH 4.5. Monomer and dimer were separated by gel filtration and purified by anion-exchange chromatography. Peptide mapping of tryptic digests of the dimer indicated a tyrosine crosslink localized between residues 32 and 48 of the native enzyme.