Augmentation mammaplasty in male-to-female transsexuals

Hormonal therapy and gender-confirming surgery are the treatments of choice in appropriately selected male-to-female transsexuals. Penectomy and vaginoplasty are the paramount surgical requests of the male transsexual, but breast enlargement greatly increases subjective feelings of femininity. There are only limited reports on augmentation mammaplasty in male transsexuals, and hardly any attention has been paid to the differences between the female mammary anatomy and its male counterpart. The basic anatomic and surgical considerations of augmentation mammaplasty for 201 male-to-female transsexuals who were operated on from 1979 to 1997 are reviewed and discussed. They include the differences between male and female anatomy and how to feminize the male chest, the results of hormonal therapy and the proper timing of surgery, the choice of implant size and surgical approach, the results that may be expected after surgery, and the implications of all mentioned on the long-term outcome and follow-up after augmentation mammaplasty. Because the referring doctor may not check on the breasts or may not be trained to examine augmented breasts for pathologic conditions, the mammaplastic surgeon has an obligation to ensure the proper follow-up of these patients.     

The chemopreventive effects of tea on human oral precancerous mucosa lesions

A double-blind intervention trial was conducted in patients with oral mucosa leukoplakia using a mixed tea product developed by the authors. Fifty-nine oral mucosa leukoplakia patients, diagnosed by established clinical and pathological criteria, were randomly divided into a treated group (3 g mixed tea oral administration and topical treatment) and a control group (placebo and glycerin treatment). After the 6-month trial, the size of oral lesion was decreased in 37.9% of the 29 treated patients and increased in 3.4%; whereas the oral lesion was decreased in 10.0% of the 30 control patients and increased in 6.7%. At the same time, the incidence of micronucleated exfoliated oral mucosa cells in the treated group (5. 4 per 1000 cells) was lower than that in the control group (11.3 per 1000 cells)(P < 0.01); whereas it was 1.4 per 1000 cells in 20 healthy subjects. The micronuclei and chromosome aberration rate in the peripheral blood lymphocytes showed the same results. In pathological examination, there were significant differences (P < 0. 05) in the number and total volume of the silver-stained Nucleolar Organizer Regions (AgNOR) and the proliferating index of Proliferation Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) in oral mucosa cell nuclei between the treated group and the control group which indicates that cell proliferation was decreased in the treated patients. The overall results provide some direct evidence on the protective effects of tea on oral cancer.     

A new locus for autosomal dominant stargardt-like disease maps to chromosome 4

Stargardt disease (STGD) is the most common hereditary macular dystrophy and is characterized by decreased central vision, atrophy of the macula and underlying retinal-pigment epithelium, and frequent presence of prominent flecks in the posterior pole of the retina. STGD is most commonly inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, but many families have been described in which features of the disease are transmitted in an autosomal dominant manner. A recessive locus has been identified on chromosome 1p (STGD1), and dominant loci have been mapped to both chromosome 13q (STGD2) and chromosome 6q (STGD3). In this study, we describe a kindred with an autosomal dominant Stargardt-like phenotype. A genomewide search demonstrated linkage to a locus on chromosome 4p, with a maximum LOD score of 5.12 at a recombination fraction of.00, for marker D4S403. Analysis of extended haplotypes localized the disease gene to an approximately 12-cM interval between loci D4S1582 and D4S2397. Therefore, this kindred establishes a new dominant Stargardt-like locus, STGD4.     

Time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay of thyroxine in serum: immobilized antigen approach

With T(4)-bovine IgG as a solid-phase antigen, we have developed a direct competitive-type immunoassay for serum total thyroxine (TT(4)), which depends on the competitive distribution of europium-labeled anti-T(4) monoclonal antibody between solid-phase-bound T(4) and the T(4) in the sample or standard. The captured fraction of the tracer was measured after a dissociation-enhancement step. Four different T(4) protein conjugates were synthesized, of which T(4)-bovine IgG was selected as the most favorable for the preparation of solid-phase antigen. The sensitivity was 3.5 ng/ml with a sample volume of 20 microl. T(4) values obtained by this procedure agreed well with those obtained by RIA (r = 0.967, n = 38) and EG&G Wallac TRFIA (r = 0.926, n = 64). All other quality criteria was also fulfilled with respect to precision, accuracy, and dynamic range.     

Phosphorylation and activation of phospholipase D1 by protein kinase C in vivo: determination of multiple phosphorylation sites.

Protein kinase C (PKC) is an important regulator of phospholipase D1 (PLD1). Currently there is some controversy about a phosphorylation-dependent or -independent mechanism of the activation of PLD1 by PKC. To solve this problem, we examined whether PLD1 is phosphorylated by PKC in vivo. For the first time, we have now identified multiple basal phophopeptides and multiple phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) induced phosphopeptides of endogenous PLD1 in 3Y1 cells as well as of transiently expressed PLD1 in COS-7 cells. Down regulation or inhibition of PKC greatly attenuated the PMA-induced phosphorylation as well as the activation of PLD1. In the presence of PMA, purified PLD1 from rat brain was also found to be phosphorylated by PKCalpha in vitro at multiple sites generating seven distinct tryptic phosphopeptides. Four phosphopeptides generated in vivo and in vitro correlated well with each other, suggesting direct phosphorylation of PLD1 by PKCalpha in the cells. Serine 2, threonine 147, and serine 561 were identified as phosphorylation sites, and by mutation of these residues to alanine these residues were proven to be specific phosphorylation sites in vivo. Interestingly, threonine 147 is located in the PX domain and serine 561 is in the negative regulatory "loop" region of PLD1. Mutation of serine 2, threonine 147, or serine 561 significantly reduced PMA-induced PLD1 activity. These results strongly suggest that phosphorylation plays a pivotal role in PLD1 regulation in vivo.     

Exploring the conformational diversity of loops on conserved frameworks

Loops are structurally variable regions, but the secondary structural elements bracing loops are often conserved. Motifs with similar secondary structures exist in the same and different protein families. In this study, we made an all-PDB-based analysis and produced 495 motif families accessible from the Internet. Every motif family contains some variable loops spanning a common framework (a pair of secondary structures). The diversity of loops and the convergence of frameworks were examined. In addition, we also identified 119 loops with conformational changes in different PDB files. These materials can give some directions for functional loop design and flexible docking.     

蛋白激酶A介导慢性压迫背根节神经元的肾上腺素能兴奋反应

本实验在奶节（ＤＲＧ）慢性压迫模型上,采用离体灌流ＤＲＧ和单纤维记录神经元自发放电的方法研究了初级感觉神经元的交感－感觉耦联作用及其细胞内机制。用外源性支甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ,１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）浸浴损伤的ＤＲＧ时,在９５个ＤＲＧ神经元中有８５个自发放电的神经元产生明显反应。其中,４４个呈现单纯兴奋效应,２１个表现先兴奋后抑制效应,６个出现兴奋－抑制交替振荡现象,１４个表现抑制效应。ＮＥ对损伤神经元的兴     

γ—氨基丁酸受体的反应动力学及其功能意义

γ－氨基丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）受体的反应动力学（激活,失敏和失活）是否在快速抑制性突触传递中起作用及怎样发挥作用是一个重要问题。随着分子生物学的发展,膜片钳技术及快速施药系统的应用,对ＧＡＢＡ受体的反应动力学的结构基础,单通道水平的发生机制及其人功能意义等开始形成较全面的认识,揭示了其反应动力学在调节抑制性突触后电流（ＩＰＳＣ）中的关键作用及在快速抑制性突触传递中的重要意义。