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181.
Molecular evolution of bacteriophages: evidence of selection against the recognition sites of host restriction enzymes 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Restriction enzymes produced by bacteria serve as a defense against
invading bacteriophages, and so phages without other protection would be
expected to undergo selection to eliminate recognition sites for these
enzymes from their genomes. The observed frequencies of all restriction
sites in the genomes of all completely sequenced DNA phages (T7, lambda,
phi X174, G4, M13, f1, fd, and IKe) have been compared to expected
frequencies derived from trinucleotide frequencies. Attention was focused
on 6-base palindromes since they comprise the typical recognition sites for
type II restriction enzymes. All of these coliphages, with the exception of
lambda and G4, exhibit significant avoidance of the particular sequences
that are enterobacterial restriction sites. As expected, the sequenced
fraction of the genome of phi 29, a Bacillus subtilis phage, lacks Bacillus
restriction sites. By contrast, the RNA phage MS2, several viruses that
infect eukaryotes (EBV, adenovirus, papilloma, and SV40), and three
mitochondrial genomes (human, mouse, and cow) were found not to lack
restriction sites. Because the particular palindromes avoided correspond
closely with the recognition sites for host enzymes and because other
viruses and small genomes do not show this avoidance, it is concluded that
the effect indeed results from natural selection.
相似文献
182.
The reciprocal position of sexual organs in complementary floral morphs is central to our understanding of heterostyly. Reciprocity indices are used to quantify the spatial match between complementary sex organs, but previous indices fail to appropriately account for intra-population variation in sex organ positions. In this study, we examine how an increase in intra-population variation in sex organ heights affects reciprocity and consequently reproductive success. We formulated a reciprocity index that incorporates this variation and asked if estimates of reciprocity can predict reproductive success in naturally occurring heterostylous populations. We developed a reciprocity index that assumed pollen transfer success equalled one for a perfectly matched stigma–anther pair, and decreased to zero with increasing mismatch. We examined the relationship between intra-population variation in organ position and reciprocity, compared previously proposed indices using simulated populations and empirical data from natural populations, and tested the ability of the indices to predict reproductive success. We observed that when differences between mean complementary sex-organ heights are small, increasing intra-population variation in heights resulted in a decrease in reciprocity. However, when this difference is larger, reciprocity increased, reached a peak, and then decreased with increasing variation. Previous indices failed to capture this behavior. Seed set was positively related to reciprocity for our index. These results challenge the current understanding that increasing variation in sex-organ heights will always decrease reciprocity in heterostylous populations. This may help explain why heterostylous systems exhibit and tolerate high amounts of intra-population variation in sex organ heights. 相似文献
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184.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum. X. The protein composition of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The proteins of Sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into several fractions ranging in mol wt from 300,000 to about 30,000. The ATPase enzyme involved in Ca2+ transport is associated with a major protein fraction and its molecular weight based on its electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate is about 106,000. Reducing agents (β-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol) cause the dissociation of membrane proteins into subunits of 20,000–60,000 mol wt, which can be separated by electrophoresis or Sephadex G-150 chromatography. 相似文献
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187.
Individual differences in the biological odors of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Z T Halpin 《Behavioral biology》1974,11(2):253-259
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189.