全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2252篇 |
免费 | 101篇 |
专业分类
2353篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 5篇 |
2022年 | 10篇 |
2021年 | 18篇 |
2020年 | 9篇 |
2019年 | 28篇 |
2018年 | 32篇 |
2017年 | 33篇 |
2016年 | 30篇 |
2015年 | 55篇 |
2014年 | 72篇 |
2013年 | 254篇 |
2012年 | 112篇 |
2011年 | 104篇 |
2010年 | 67篇 |
2009年 | 68篇 |
2008年 | 128篇 |
2007年 | 154篇 |
2006年 | 148篇 |
2005年 | 141篇 |
2004年 | 156篇 |
2003年 | 147篇 |
2002年 | 139篇 |
2001年 | 31篇 |
2000年 | 27篇 |
1999年 | 35篇 |
1998年 | 38篇 |
1997年 | 31篇 |
1996年 | 21篇 |
1995年 | 22篇 |
1994年 | 18篇 |
1993年 | 21篇 |
1992年 | 19篇 |
1991年 | 15篇 |
1990年 | 12篇 |
1989年 | 15篇 |
1988年 | 10篇 |
1987年 | 9篇 |
1985年 | 7篇 |
1984年 | 13篇 |
1983年 | 9篇 |
1982年 | 10篇 |
1981年 | 5篇 |
1980年 | 12篇 |
1979年 | 5篇 |
1977年 | 6篇 |
1976年 | 5篇 |
1975年 | 9篇 |
1969年 | 4篇 |
1967年 | 6篇 |
1950年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有2353条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
91.
Nephronophthisis (NPHP) is an autosomal recessive cystic kidney disease. Among 12 reported Nphp gene products, Inv/Nphp2, Nphp3 and Nek8/Nphp9 are localized to the proximal segment in the primary cilium. However, the functional relationships are unknown. This study focused on phenotype analysis of nek8 knockdown embryos and the genetic relationship between nek8 and inv in zebrafish. Knockdown of nek8 produced both pronephric cysts and abnormal cardiac looping. Simultaneous knockdown of nek8 and inv synergistically increased the incidence of these defects. Interestingly, nek8 mRNA rescued inv morphant phenotypes, although inv mRNA could not rescue nek8 morphant phenotypes. These results suggest that Nek8 acts downstream of Inv function. 相似文献
92.
Hiroyuki Tobita Hajime Utsugi Mitsutoshi Kitao Masazumi Kayama Akira Uemura Satoshi Kitaoka Yutaka Maruyama 《Trees - Structure and Function》2010,24(2):307-319
To elucidate mechanisms for tolerating sudden increases in light intensity following canopy gap formation, we investigated
susceptibility to photoinhibition in the evergreen clonal plant bamboo, Sasa senanensis, and two deciduous broadleaf woody plants, Quercus mongolica, and Acer mono. We measured pre-dawn photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (F
v
/F
m) in plants exposed to canopy gaps and in shade-grown plants through the month following gap formation. Photoinhibition (indicated
by decreased F
v
/F
m) was smallest in S. senanensis and largest in A. mono. S. senanensis had the highest area-based net CO2 assimilation rate (A
area) and electron transport rate (ETR) under high light conditions. This species also had the highest leaf mass per area (LMA)
and leaf nitrogen content per area (N
area). Higher values of LMA and N
area under shade conditions probably contribute to circumvent photoinhibition through maintenance of a higher ETR capacity. Q. mongolica, a gap-dependent species, had properties intermediate between S. senanensis and A. mono; it appeared less susceptible to photoinhibition than the shade-tolerant A. mono. None of the species examined had increased photosynthetic capacity 1 month after gap formation, indicating that shade-grown
leaves were unable to fully acclimate to increased light. 相似文献
93.
The fruit of Viburnum dilatatum Thunb, called gamazumi in Japan, showed the strong antioxidant activities, and its preventive effects on oxidative stress and active ingredients were investigated. Male rats were subjected to water immersion restraint stress for 6 hours, after ingestion of the gamazumi crude extract (GCE) for 2 weeks. The formation of gastric ulcer was reduced, and the lipid peroxidation in plasma and organs also lowered in rats ingested GCE. In the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats given GCE for 10 weeks, inhibition of lipid peroxidation in plasma, erythrocytes and organs was observed, and the increase of plasma glucose level also lowered. On the other hand, two cyanidin glycosides, two chlorogenic acids and quercetin were identified, and especially cyanidin 3-sambubioside (Cy 3-sam) showed the strong radical scavenging activity. It is suggested that Cy 3-sam is a key compound contributing to the physiological effects of V. dilatatum fruit. 相似文献
94.
Hajime Yoshida Keizo Hanada Hisakazu Ohsawa Hidehiko Kumagai Hideaki Yamada 《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(4):1035-1042
Biosynthetic threonine deaminase was purified to an apparent homogeneous state from the cell extract of Proteus morganii, with an overall yield of 7.5%. The enzyme had a s020,w of 10.0 S, and the molecular weight was calculated to be approximately, 228,000. The molecular weight of a subunit of the enzyme was estimated to be 58,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The enzyme seemed to have a tetrameric structure consisting of identical subunits. The enzyme had a marked yellow color with an absorption maximum at 415 nm and contained 2 mol of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate per mol. The threonine deaminase catalyzed the deamination of l-threonine, l-serine, l-cysteine and β-chloro-l-alanine. Km values for l-threonine and l-serine were 3.2 and 7.1 mm, respectively. The enzyme was not activated by AMP, ADP and ATP, but was inhibited by l-isoleucine. The Ki for l-isoleucine was 1.17 mm, and the inhibition was not recovered by l-valine. Treatment with mercuric chloride effectively protected the enzyme from inhibition by l-isoleucine. 相似文献
95.
Yuzo Yamada Chin Fei Hou Joji Sasaki Yasutaka Tahara Hajime Yoshioka 《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(4):1105-1106
Purification of the precipitates obtained from the juice oil of Citrus hassaku by chromatography afforded 7-geranyloxycoumarin (aurapten) and two compounds (mp 43~45°C and 122~124°C), whose structures were determined to be epoxyaurapten and marmin on the basis of spectral evidence. These compounds were isolated from Citrus hassaku for the first time. The spasmolytic activity was tested of aurapten, epoxyaurapten, marmin and their related compounds, which were synthesized from aurapten and marmin, on the small intestine removed from a male guinea pig. Epoxyaurapten exhibited the highest activity among them against the small intestine’s contraction induced by BaCl2. 相似文献
96.
Kobayashi T Amemiya K Takeuchi K Tsujioka T Tominaga K Hirabayashi M Ishikawa H Fukui Y Hochi S 《Zygote (Cambridge, England)》2006,14(1):45-51
Using an interspecies microinsemination assay with bovine oocytes, it was examined whether centrosomes of Antarctic minke whale spermatozoa function as the microtubule-organizing centre (MTOC). Bull and rat spermatozoa were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Vitrified-warmed bovine mature oocytes were subjected to immunostaining against alpha-tubulin 4-6 h after intracytoplasmic injection (ICSI) of 5 mM dithiothreitol-treated spermatozoa. Aster formation occurred from whale spermatozoa (33%) and bull spermatozoa (33%), but very little from rat spermatozoa (3%). Activation treatment for the microinseminated oocytes with 7% ethanol + 2 mM 6-dimethylaminopurine resulted in a similar proportion of oocytes forming a whale sperm aster (35% vs 27% in the non-treated group; 4 h after ICSI) but a significantly larger aster (ratio of aster diameter to oocyte diameter, 0.57 vs 0.30 in the non-treated group). These results indicate that the centrosome introduced into bovine oocytes by whale spermatozoa contributes to the MTOC and that assembly of the microtubule network is promoted by oocyte activation. 相似文献
97.
Cloning of the Membrane-Bound Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Gene of Acetobacter polyoxogenes and Improvement of Acetic Acid Production by Use of the Cloned Gene 总被引:9,自引:2,他引:9 下载免费PDF全文
Masahiro Fukaya Kenji Tayama Toshimi Tamaki Haruko Tagami Hajime Okumura Yoshiya Kawamura Teruhiko Beppu 《Applied microbiology》1989,55(1):171-176
A genomic clone bank of Acetobacter polyoxogenes NBI1028 constructed in Escherichia coli by use of the expression vector pUC18 was screened with antibody raised against membrane-bound aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH; 75 kilodaltons [kDa]) from A. polyoxogenes NBI1028. A clone that synthesized a 41-kDa protein cross-reactive with anti-ALDH antibody was isolated. For cloning of the full-length ALDH structural gene, a cosmid gene bank was screened by Southern blot hybridization with the cloned DNA as a probe, and subcloning from the positive cosmid clone was performed with shuttle vector pMV24. Plasmid pAL25, containing the full-length ALDH structural gene, was isolated and expressed in both E. coli and Acetobacter aceti to produce a fused protein (78 kDa) with a short NH2-terminal β-galactosidase peptide. pAL25 conferred ALDH production on a mutant of A. aceti lacking the enzyme activity. Transformation of A. aceti subsp. xylinum NBI2099 with pAL25 caused 2- and 1.4-fold increases in the production rate and in the maximum concentration of acetic acid in submerged fermentation, respectively. 相似文献
98.
Aoki S Ikeda S Takezawa T Kishi T Makino J Uchihashi K Matsunobu A Noguchi M Sugihara H Toda S 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》2011,416(3-4):391-396
Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) often develops after transfer to hemodialysis and transplantation. Both termination of peritoneal dialysis (PD) and transplantation-related factors are risks implicated in post-PD development of EPS, but the precise mechanism of this late-onset peritoneal fibrosis remains to be elucidated. We previously demonstrated that fluid flow stress induced mesothelial proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Therefore, we speculated that the prolonged bioactive effect of fluid flow stress may affect mesothelial cell kinetics after cessation of fluid streaming. To investigate how long mesothelial cells stay under the bioactive effect brought on by fluid flow stress after removal of the stress, we initially cultured mesothelial cells under fluid flow stress and then cultured the cells under static conditions. Mesothelial cells exposed to fluid flow stress for a certain time showed significantly high proliferative activity compared with static conditions after stoppage of fluid streaming. The expression levels of protein phosphatase 2A, which dephosphorylates MAPK, in mesothelial cells changed with time and showed a biphasic pattern that was dependent on the duration of exposure to fluid flow stress. There were no differences in the fluid flow stress-related bioactive effects on mesothelial cells once a certain time had passed. The present findings show that fluid flow stress exerts a prolonged bioactive effect on mesothelial cells after termination of fluid streaming. These findings support the hypothesis that a history of PD for a certain period could serve as a trigger of EPS after stoppage of PD. 相似文献
99.
Drug Resistance of Enteric Bacteria XIII. Distribution of R Factors in Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Livestock 下载免费PDF全文
Escherichia coli strains isolated from 151 swine and 108 fowl, which were kept at the Animal Health Center, Maebashi, Japan, were surveyed for drug resistance and distribution of R factors. All of the swine and 38% of the fowl excreted E. coli strains resistant to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and sulfanilamide, or certain combinations thereof. Among 278 resistant cultures isolated from swine, 13% were found to be resistant to one antibiotic, whereas 87% were resistant to more than one antibiotic. Among these resistant strains, 40% carried R factors which were transferable by the usual conjugal process. The resistance patterns of these R factors included 36% which were singly resistant and 64% which were multiply resistant. Among 54 resistant cultures isolated from fowl, 24% were singly resistant and 76% were multiply resistant. Of the resistant strains from fowl, 22% carried R factors. The resistance patterns of R factors included 50% of the singly resistant type and 50% which were multiply resistant. In spite of feeding with dairy products containing only tetracycline, a high incidence of multiple resistance was observed in the E. coli strains and the R factors isolated from these animals. 相似文献
100.
Atsushi Hayakawa Kazuo Kuwata Seiichi Era Masaru Sogami Hiroyuki Shimonaka Michio Yamamoto Shuji Dohi Hajime Hirose 《Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences》1997,698(1-2)
Human serum albumin is a mixture of mercapt- (HMA, reduced form) and nonmercaptalbumin (HNA, oxidized form). We studied the mercapt↔nonmercapt conversion of human serum albumin, which reflects the redox state of the extracellular fluids, in cardiac and other common surgical patients using high-performance liquid chromatography. Mean values of [(HMA)/(HMA + HNA)] ± standard deviation [fHMA ± σ], for patients who received common surgery (group 1) and cardiac surgery (group 2) at the start of anesthesia were0.636±0.50(n=83) and 0.615±0.062(n=14), respectively. fHMA values were markedly lower than those for healthy male adults of 0.750±0.028(n=28). fHMA values increased at 24 h after the start of anesthesia and decreased on the 4th postoperative day in most of the patients. These postoperative changes were prominent in surgical cardiac patients. Although fHMA values after the 7th postoperative day recovered to those at the start of anesthesia in almost all of common surgical patients, those in cardiac surgical patients, never recovered even on the 21st postoperative day. 相似文献