全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3663篇 |
免费 | 273篇 |
国内免费 | 409篇 |
专业分类
4345篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 11篇 |
2023年 | 63篇 |
2022年 | 122篇 |
2021年 | 197篇 |
2020年 | 145篇 |
2019年 | 186篇 |
2018年 | 179篇 |
2017年 | 130篇 |
2016年 | 159篇 |
2015年 | 254篇 |
2014年 | 277篇 |
2013年 | 276篇 |
2012年 | 354篇 |
2011年 | 294篇 |
2010年 | 197篇 |
2009年 | 154篇 |
2008年 | 179篇 |
2007年 | 177篇 |
2006年 | 159篇 |
2005年 | 124篇 |
2004年 | 75篇 |
2003年 | 86篇 |
2002年 | 76篇 |
2001年 | 40篇 |
2000年 | 42篇 |
1999年 | 61篇 |
1998年 | 30篇 |
1997年 | 43篇 |
1996年 | 25篇 |
1995年 | 35篇 |
1994年 | 31篇 |
1993年 | 17篇 |
1992年 | 40篇 |
1991年 | 23篇 |
1990年 | 20篇 |
1989年 | 15篇 |
1988年 | 11篇 |
1987年 | 5篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 7篇 |
1984年 | 11篇 |
1983年 | 7篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有4345条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
81.
82.
Bai M Qing M Guo Z Zhang Y Chen X Bao Q Zhang H Sun TS 《Canadian journal of microbiology》2010,56(9):707-714
To determine which yeasts are present in the naturally fermented milks of China, 69 samples made by the nomads of Tibet were collected from the Tibetan Plateau in China. From these samples, 225 strains of yeast were isolated and identified using conventional microbiological analysis and gene sequencing analysis of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA. The results showed that the total concentration of yeasts in these samples ranged from 5.01 to 8.97 log10 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL (6.91?± 1.02 log10 CFU/mL; mean?± SD). The number of cultivable yeasts was higher in the samples from Qinghai (7.55?± 0.75 log10 CFU/mL) than those from Tibet (6.21?± 0.79 log10 CFU/mL, P?< 0.05). Moreover, there were 15 phylotypes in these 69 samples. Among these phylotypes, Kluyveromyces marxianus (49.3%, frequency percentage), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (62.3%), and Pichia fermentans (46.4%) appeared frequently and can be considered the most common culturable species in naturally fermented milk products. Traditional fermented Mongolian cow milk featured a wide diversity of yeast species, including Issatchenkia orientalis, Kazachstania unisporus, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Candida pararugosa, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Geotrichum sp., Kazachstania unisporus, Geotrichum fragrans, Debaryomyces hansenii, Yarrowia lipolytica, Trichosporon gracile, and Pichia membranifaciens. This study provides new data on yeast composition in naturally fermented milk and shows the yeast biodiversity of fermented milk products from the Tibetan Plateau of China. 相似文献
83.
The effect of lichen‐dominated biological soil crusts on growth and physiological characteristics of three plant species in a temperate desert of northwest China 下载免费PDF全文
Biocrusts (biological soil crusts) cover open spaces between vascular plants in most arid and semi‐arid areas. Information on effects of biocrusts on seedling growth is controversial, and there is little information on their effects on plant growth and physiology. We examined impacts of biocrusts on growth and physiological characteristics of three habitat‐typical plants, Erodium oxyrhynchum, Alyssum linifolium and Hyalea pulchella, growing in the Gurbantunggut Desert, northwest China. The influence of biocrusts on plant biomass, leaf area, leaf relative water content, photosynthesis, maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), chlorophyll, osmotic solutes (soluble sugars, protein, proline) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase) was investigated on sites with or without biocrust cover. Biomass, leaf area, leaf water content, photosynthesis, Fv/Fm and chlorophyll content in crusted soils were higher than in uncrusted soils during early growth and lower later in the growth period. Soluble sugars, proline and antioxidant enzyme activity were always higher in crusted than in uncrusted soils, while soluble protein content was always lower. These findings indicate that biocrusts have different effects on these three ephemeral species during growth in this desert, primarily via effects on soil moisture, and possibly on soil nutrients. The influence of biocrusts changes during plant development: in early plant growth, biocrusts had either positive or no effect on growth and physiological parameters. However, biocrusts tended to negatively influence plants during later growth. Our results provide insights to explain why previous studies have found different effects of biocrusts on vascular plant growth. 相似文献
84.
85.
瞬时受体电位香草醛亚家族1 (TRPV1)又称辣椒素受体(VR1),是一类可被辣椒素、热(>43℃)、酸(pH<6.0)所激活的配体门控性非选择性阳离子通道,对Ca2+有高度通透性。早期研究发现TRPV1主要分布在神经系统并介导瘙痒及痛觉反应,近些年研究表明其在非神经细胞如肥大细胞、膀胱上皮细胞、单核细胞、皮肤角化上皮细胞、胰岛细胞等中也广泛分布,在代谢性疾病、消化、呼吸和心血管系统疾病、皮肤病及肿瘤等疾病的发生发展中均发挥了重要作用。本文介绍了TRPV1的分布、结构特征及其功能研究的最新进展,并重点综述了TRPV1介导的瘙痒和疼痛信号通路及以TRPV1为靶点的中草药研究进展,以期为以TRPV1为潜在治疗靶点相关疾病的中西医防治提供理论指导。 相似文献
86.
本研究旨在以自由基清除作用和促巨噬细胞增殖作用为导向,对小球藻热水提取物(CPE)的分离纯化产物进行活性跟踪,以确定CPE的主要功能成分。采用高压热水提取、Sevag除蛋白、乙醇沉淀和超滤的方法得到CPE粗多糖,然后通过DEAE52离子交换层析柱和Sephadex G-100对CPE粗多糖组分进一步分离纯化。研究结果表明,通过上述方法对CPE进行分离纯化,得到3种高活性成分PS-1-4-2、PS-1-3-2和PS-2-3-3,经凝胶渗透色谱GPC分析得知其分子质量分别为3.97×10~4 Da、2.28×10~4 Da和4.1×10~3 Da。活性跟踪结果表明,CPE能够清除自由基并促进巨噬细胞Ana-1细胞生长,主要是由于其多种活性组分共同发挥作用,清除自由基作用的功能成分主要集中于PS-1-3、PS-1-4、PS-2-3和PS-2-4,促Ana-1细胞增殖作用的功能成分主要集中于PS-1-3、PS-1-4和PS-2-3。本研究确立了CPE主要功能成分的活性筛选手段,并获得3种新型功能成分,可用于指导小球藻高附加值产品的开发,从而进一步推动微藻能源的产业化进程,实现"高附加值微藻产品、微藻能源与微藻固碳"一体化的示范作用。 相似文献
87.
Genevieve G. A. Fouda Joshua D. Amos Andrew B. Wilks Justin Pollara Caroline A. Ray Anjali Chand Erika L. Kunz Brooke E. Liebl Kaylan Whitaker Angela Carville Shannon Smith Lisa Colvin David J. Pickup Herman F. Staats Glenn Overman Krissey Eutsey-Lloyd Robert Parks Haiyan Chen Celia LaBranche Susan Barnett Georgia D. Tomaras Guido Ferrari David C. Montefiori Hua-Xin Liao Norman L. Letvin Barton F. Haynes Sallie R. Permar 《Journal of virology》2013,87(12):6986-6999
We previously demonstrated that vaccination of lactating rhesus monkeys with a DNA prime/vector boost strategy induces strong T-cell responses but limited envelope (Env)-specific humoral responses in breast milk. To improve vaccine-elicited antibody responses in milk, hormone-induced lactating rhesus monkeys were vaccinated with a transmitted/founder (T/F) HIV Env immunogen in a prime-boost strategy modeled after the moderately protective RV144 HIV vaccine. Lactating rhesus monkeys were intramuscularly primed with either recombinant DNA (n = 4) or modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) poxvirus vector (n = 4) expressing the T/F HIV Env C.1086 and then boosted twice intramuscularly with C.1086 gp120 and the adjuvant MF59. The vaccines induced Env-binding IgG and IgA as well as neutralizing and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses in plasma and milk of most vaccinated animals. Importantly, plasma neutralization titers against clade C HIV variants MW965 (P = 0.03) and CAP45 (P = 0.04) were significantly higher in MVA-primed than in DNA-primed animals. The superior systemic prime-boost regimen was then compared to a mucosal-boost regimen, in which animals were boosted twice intranasally with C.1086 gp120 and the TLR 7/8 agonist R848 following the same systemic prime. While the systemic and mucosal vaccine regimens elicited comparable levels of Env-binding IgG antibodies, mucosal immunization induced significantly stronger Env-binding IgA responses in milk (P = 0.03). However, the mucosal regimen was not as potent at inducing functional IgG responses. This study shows that systemic MVA prime followed by either intranasal or systemic protein boosts can elicit strong humoral responses in breast milk and may be a useful strategy to interrupt postnatal HIV-1 transmission. 相似文献
88.
89.
A sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection of etimicin at Tris(2,2′‐bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) [Ru(bpy)32+]–Nafion modified carbon paste electrodes was developed. The immobilized Ru(bpy)32+ shows good electrochemical and photochemical activities. Electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence characterizations of the modified carbon electrodes were made by means of cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impendence spectroscopy. The modified electrode showed an electrocatalytic response to the oxidation of etimicin, producing a sensitized ECL signal. The ECL sensor showed a linear response to etimicin in the range of 8.0–160.0 ng mL?1 with a detection limit of 6.7 ng mL?1. This method for etimicin determination possessed good sensitivity and reproducibility with a coefficient of variation of 5.1% (n = 7) at 100 ng mL?1. The ECL sensor showed good selectivity and long‐term stability. Its surface could be renewed quickly and reproducibly by a simple polish step. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
90.
Zhou Q Xiao J Jiang D Wang R Vembaiyan K Wang A Smith CD Xie C Chen W Zhang J Tian X Jones PP Zhong X Guo A Chen H Zhang L Zhu W Yang D Li X Chen J Gillis AM Duff HJ Cheng H Feldman AM Song LS Fill M Back TG Chen SR 《Nature medicine》2011,17(8):1003-1009
Carvedilol is one of the most effective beta blockers for preventing ventricular tachyarrhythmias in heart failure, but the mechanisms underlying its favorable antiarrhythmic benefits remain unclear. Spontaneous Ca(2+) waves, also called store overload-induced Ca(2+) release (SOICR), evoke ventricular tachyarrhythmias in individuals with heart failure. Here we show that carvedilol is the only beta blocker tested that effectively suppresses SOICR by directly reducing the open duration of the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2). This unique anti-SOICR activity of carvedilol, combined with its beta-blocking activity, probably contributes to its favorable antiarrhythmic effect. To enable optimal titration of carvedilol's actions as a beta blocker and as a suppressor of SOICR separately, we developed a new SOICR-inhibiting, minimally beta-blocking carvedilol analog, VK-II-86. VK-II-86 prevented stress-induced ventricular tachyarrhythmias in RyR2-mutant mice and did so more effectively when combined with either of the selective beta blockers metoprolol or bisoprolol. Combining SOICR inhibition with optimal beta blockade has the potential to provide antiarrhythmic therapy that can be tailored to individual patients. 相似文献