Stereoselective metabolism of 7-methylbenz[a]anthracene: absolute configuration of five dihydrodiol metabolites and the effect of dihydrodiol conformation on circular dichroism spectra

7-Methylbenz[a]anthracene (7-MBA) was metabolized stereoselectively by rat liver microsomes to form five optically active dihydrodiols as the predominant metabolites. The dihydrodiols were purified by a combination of reversed-phase and normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). By comparison of their circular dichroism (CD) spectra with the corresponding benz[a]anthracene (BA) dihydrodiols of known absolute stereochemistry, the major dihydrodiol enantiomers of 7-MBA have been determined to have 1R,2R-, 3R,4R- and 10R , 11R - absolute configurations, respectively. Due to their quasi- diaxial conformations, the absolute configuration of trans-5,6- and trans-8,9-dihydrodiols, the two most abundant metabolites of 7-MBA, could not be determined by simple comparisons of their circular dichroism spectra with those of the quasidi -equatorial BA 5R, 6R - and 8R , 9R -dihydrodiols. The major enantiomers of the quasi- diaxial trans-5,6- and trans-8,9-dihydrodiol metabolites of 7-MBA were determined by comparison to the CD spectrum of 7-bromo-BA 5R, 6R -dihydrodiol and by the exciton chirality method to have R,R absolute stereochemistry. This study also revealed that the circular dichroism Cotton effects of an enantiomeric dihydrodiol of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can be drastically altered if the conformation (quasi- diaxial vs. quasi di-equatorial ) of the dihydrodiol is changed.     

Effects of a fluoro substituent on the fungal metabolism of 1-fluoronaphthalene.

The metabolism of 1-fluoronaphthalene by Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 36112 was studied. The metabolites were isolated by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography and characterized by the application of UV absorption, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectral techniques. C. elegans oxidized 1-fluoronaphthalene predominantly at the 3,4- and 5,6-positions to form trans-3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-1-fluoronaphthalene and trans-5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydro-1-fluoronaphthalene. In addition, 1-fluoro-8-hydroxy-5-tetralone, 5-hydroxy-1-fluoronaphthalene, and 4-hydroxy-1-fluoronaphthalene as well as glucoside, sulfate, and glucuronic acid conjugates of these phenols were formed. Circular dichroism spectra of the trans-3,4- and trans-5,6-dihydrodiols formed from 1-fluoronaphthalene indicated that the major enantiomers of the dihydrodiols have S,S absolute stereochemistries. In contrast, the trans-5,6-dihydrodiol formed from 1-fluoronaphthalene from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats had Cotton effects that are opposite in sign (R,R) to those formed by C. elegans. The results indicate that the fungal monooxygenase-epoxide hydrolase systems are highly stereoselective in the metabolism of 1-fluoronaphthalene and that a fluoro substituent blocks epoxidation at the fluoro-substituted double bond, decreases oxidation at the aromatic double bond that is peri to the fluoro substituent, and enhances metabolism at the 3,4- and 5,6-positions of 1-fluoronaphthalene.     

Microbial models of mammalian metabolism: microbial reduction and oxidation of pentoxifylline.

Fourteen microorganisms, including fungi, yeasts, and bacteria, were screened for their ability to metabolize the xanthine drug pentoxifylline. Thirteen cultures either reduced the drug to the alcohol metabolite or oxidatively cleaved the ketonic side chain to homologous carboxylic acid metabolites. The alcohol metabolite was the predominant or sole metabolite in all organisms, with conversions ranging from 6 to 91%. Preparative-scale production of the alcohol metabolite with Rhodotorula rubra (ATCC 20129) allowed for the isolation of this product with a 40% yield. Two organisms also produced the carboxylic acid metabolites at low levels (2 to 10%). The routes of metabolism in microbial cultures are the same as those reported in mammalian systems.     

Stereoselective hydroxylation at the aliphatic carbons of 7,8- and 9,10-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrenes by rat liver microsomes

Optically active 7-hydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene and 8-hydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene were identified as two of the major metabolites formed by incubation of 7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene with rat liver microsomes. Optically active 9-hydroxy-9,10-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene and 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene were similarly identified as two of the minor metabolites of 9,10-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene. The formation of these metabolites was abolished either by prior treatment of liver microsomes with carbon monoxide or the absence of NADPH, but was not inhibited by an epoxide hydrolase inhibitor. The results indicate that the aliphatic carbons of dihydro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may undergo stereoselective hydroxylation reactions catalyzed by the cytochrome P-450 system of rat liver microsomes.     

Colorimetric determination of microgram quantities of polylysine by trypan blue precipitation

A simple and sensitive method for the determination of polylysine in solution is described. Polylysine is quantitatively precipitated with trypan blue. The absorbance of unbound dye in the supernatant is inversely proportional to the concentration of this polyamino acid. The precipitation is identical for all sizes of polylysine of molecular weight 13,000 or higher, and is prevented by the addition of either polyanions or serum. The measurable range of polylysine hydrobromide is between 1 and 10 micrograms/ml, which is about 10-fold lower than that by the published methyl orange precipitation method.     

A missense mutation (G197→A) in theα-l-fucosidase gene of fucosidosis patients leads to loss ofα-l-fucosidase

Fucosidosis is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease resulting from the absence of -l-fucosidase activity. Two natural missense mutations (G¹⁹⁷A) and (A⁸⁶⁰G) within the -l-fucosidase gene have been reported to be homozygous in four patients with fucosidosis. Expression of wild-type and mutated -l-fucosidase cDNAs in COS-1 cells revealed complete deficiency of -l-fucosidase for the G¹⁹⁷A transition and a normal level of enzyme for A⁸⁶⁰G. We therefore conclude that the change of G¹⁹⁷A is responsible for fucosidosis in the patients while A⁸⁶⁰G is a normal polymorphic variant of -l-fucosidase.