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61.
Gelfand M Shteynberg G Lee T Lun J Lyons S Bell C Chiao JY Bruss CB Al Dabbagh M Aycan Z Abdel-Latif AH Dagher M Khashan H Soomro N 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》2012,367(1589):692-703
Anecdotal evidence abounds that conflicts between two individuals can spread across networks to involve a multitude of others. We advance a cultural transmission model of intergroup conflict where conflict contagion is seen as a consequence of universal human traits (ingroup preference, outgroup hostility; i.e. parochial altruism) which give their strongest expression in particular cultural contexts. Qualitative interviews conducted in the Middle East, USA and Canada suggest that parochial altruism processes vary across cultural groups and are most likely to occur in collectivistic cultural contexts that have high ingroup loyalty. Implications for future neuroscience and computational research needed to understand the emergence of intergroup conflict are discussed. 相似文献
62.
Zimmermann M Grabemann M Mette C Abdel-Hamid M Uekermann J Ueckermann J Kraemer M Wiltfang J Kis B Zepf FD 《PloS one》2012,7(3):e32023
Background
The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) has been linked to the underlying neurobiology of aggressive behavior, particularly with evidence from studies in animals and humans. However, the underlying neurobiology of aggression remains unclear in the context of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a disorder known to be associated with aggression and impulsivity. We investigated the effects of acute tryptophan depletion (ATD), and the resulting diminished central nervous serotonergic neurotransmission, on reactive aggression in healthy controls and adults with ADHD.Methodology/Principal Findings
Twenty male patients with ADHD and twenty healthy male controls were subjected to ATD with an amino acid (AA) beverage that lacked tryptophan (TRP, the physiological precursor of 5-HT) and a TRP-balanced AA beverage (BAL) in a double-blind, within-subject crossover-study over two study days. We assessed reactive aggression 3.25 hours after ATD/BAL intake using a point-subtraction aggression game (PSAG) in which participants played for points against a fictitious opponent. Point subtraction was taken as a measure for reactive aggression. Lowered rates of reactive aggression were found in the ADHD group under ATD after low provocation (LP), with controls showing the opposite effect. In patients with ADHD, trait-impulsivity was negatively correlated with the ATD effect on reactive aggression after LP. Statistical power was limited due to large standard deviations observed in the data on point subtraction, which may limit the use of this particular paradigm in adults with ADHD.Conclusions/Significance
Together with previous findings, the data provide preliminary evidence of an inverse association between trait-impulsivity and the ATD effect on reactive aggression after LP (as assessed by the PSAG) in patients with ADHD and that this relationship can be found in both adolescents and adults. Because of limited statistical power larger sample sizes are needed to find main effects of ATD/BAL administration on reactive aggression in adults with ADHD. 相似文献63.
64.
Sallam LA El-Refai AM Hamdi AH El-Minofi HA Abd-Elsalam IS 《The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology》2005,51(3):143-149
The formation of cyclosporin A (Cy A) by immobilized spores and mycelia of Aspergillus terreus was investigated. Different carriers were tested as immobilizing carriers, whereby Ca-alginate was selected for further experimentation. The role of alginate concentration, biomass weight, pH value of the cultivation medium, repeated utilization of the immobilized fungus as well as the supplementation of different amino acid precursors were studied. Best Cy A outputs were attained with Ca-alginate 3% (w/v), mycelial weight 15% (w/v), pH 4.5 and four repeated cycles. Similarly, the Cy A productivity was markedly accelerated in the presence of L-valine and L-valine and L-leucine mixture. 相似文献
65.
P Effert R McCoy M Abdel-Hamid K Flynn Q Zhang P Busson T Tursz E Liu N Raab-Traub 《Journal of virology》1992,66(6):3768-3775
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignancy which is consistently associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The structure of the EBV genome in NPC suggests that NPC is a clonal proliferation of epithelial cells which emerges after EBV infection. The disease develops with high incidence in specific populations in discrete geographic locations, implicating possible genetic or environmental cofactors. Mutations of the p53 gene are among the most frequent genetic changes found in a large variety of human tumors. Mutations in p53 have been shown to abrogate the suppressor function of wild-type p53 and thus contribute to the transformed phenotype. To determine if mutation in p53 participates in the development of the malignant clone in NPC, the structure and sequence of p53 in 42 primary, metastatic, and nude mouse-passaged NPC specimens was analyzed. A high frequency (6 of 9) of mutations was detected in the nude mouse-passaged tumors, while only 2 of 15 metastatic and 0 of the 18 primary tumors harbored mutant p53. The p53 mutations included single-point mutations and more extensive changes such as frame shifts, deletion, duplication, or complete loss of coding sequences. These data indicate that alterations of the p53 gene are unlikely to be involved in the initial genetic events leading to the clonal outgrowth in NPC. However, although it is a rare NPC which can be established in nude mice, this growth advantage appears to be conferred on tumors bearing a mutant p53. 相似文献
66.
M. T. El-Ibrashy M. Abdel-Hamid Ali El-Refai 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1976,19(3):214-220
When a zoo-ecdysone (crustecdysone), a supposed phyto-ecdysone (from leaves of Podocarpus gracilior), or a plant growth regulator (Alar® 85) were injected into newly ecdysed, gregarious, fourth-instar nymphs of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.), the morphometric ratios of the resulting adults were intermediate between the two extreme phases. In no case a complete transformation to the solitarious form was obtained. Only the plant growth regulator resulted in the sterility of the adults.The possible importance of non-neotenic substances in locust control is discussed in relation to neotenic compounds which are structurally more complicated.
Résumé Les produits utilisés sont: un extrait brut des feuilles de Podocarpus gracilior, considéré comme renfermant une phyto-ecdysone (PhE); de la 20-hydroxyecdysone ou zoo-ecdysone (ZE); un régulateur de la croissance végétale, le 2,2-diméthyl-hydrazide de l'acide succinique (Alar® 85). Chacun de ces produits a été injecté, en une seule fois, à une dose non toxique, à des lots de 30 larves grégaires ( et ) de Sch. gregaria, larves du 4ème stade venant de muer. En aucun cas on n'a observé une transformation complète de l'adulte vers le type solitaire, mais les indices biométriques montrent une tendance vers les types transiens.Tous les composés chimiques testés diminuent la durée de la vie larvaire et la fertilité des adultes s'est montrée réduite par le composé Alar® 85.L'action des substances testées est discutée par comparaison avec les effets connus de composés chimiques plus complexes à propriétés qualifiées de néoténiques, telle que l'hormone juvénile et ses analogues.相似文献
67.
Design, synthesis, and docking studies of new 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thione derivatives with carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abdel-Hamid MK Abdel-Hafez AA El-Koussi NA Mahfouz NM Innocenti A Supuran CT 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry》2007,15(22):6975-6984
A new series of 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thione derivatives have been prepared and assayed for the inhibition of three physiologically relevant carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isozymes, the cytosolic human isozymes I and II, and the transmembrane, tumor-associated hCA IX. Against hCA I the investigated thiones, showed inhibition constants in the range of 2.55-222 microM, against hCA II in the range of 2.0-433 microM, and against hCA IX in the range of 1.25-148 microM. Compound 5c, 4-(4,5-dihydro-5-thioxo-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1-(5-nitro-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)semicarbazide showed interesting inhibition of the tumor-associated hCA IX with K(I) value of 1.25 microM, being the first non-sulfonamide type inhibitor of such activity. This result is rather important taking into consideration the known antitumor activity of thiones. In addition, docking of the tested compounds into CA II active site was performed in order to predict the affinity and orientation of these compounds at the isozyme active site. The results showed similar orientation of the target compounds at CA II active site compared with reported sulfonamide type CAIs with the thione group acting as a zinc-binding moiety. 相似文献
68.
Mahmoud S. El-Tarabany Tamer M. Abdel-Hamid Omar A. Ahmed-Farid Kh. M. Al-Marakby 《Biological Rhythm Research》2019,50(4):647-657
The aim of this research was to describe the progesterone profile, physiological response, milk composition, and blood chemistry at the early stage (DIM 30-90 days) of lactation (E1:30-50; E2:50-70; E3:70-90 days) in Baladi goats under Egyptian conditions. The serum progesterone level was significantly reduced with the progress of the early lactation period to reach the least concentration (0.24 ng/ml) at the E3 stage of lactation (P=0.001). The daily milk yield was significantly increased with the progress of the lactation to reach the peak at the E2 stage of lactation (P=0.015). The percentage of milk fat was significantly decreased with the progress of the early lactation period (P=0.032). However, the percentages of total solids and SNF were significantly increased in E2 and E3 stages when compared with the E1 stage (P=0.001 and 0.018, respectively). The serum glucose and total antioxidant capacity were considerably reduced with the progress of the lactation period (P=0.047 and 0.039, respectively). In conclusion, Baladi goats showed a decreased serum progesterone level with the progress of the early lactation period and produce milk with a relatively stable protein and lactose contents. Furthermore, Baladi does able to maintain the stability of most blood biochemical parameters during such period. 相似文献
69.
M. Abdel-Hamid L. Novotny H. Hamza 《Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences》2001,753(2)
Celecoxib is a cyclooxygenase-2 specific inhibitor, that has been recently and intensively prescribed as an anti-inflammatory drug in rheumatic osteoarthiritis. A robust, highly reliable and reproducible liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometric assay is developed for the determination of celecoxib in human plasma using sulindac as an internal standard. The run cycle-time is <4 min. The assay method involved extraction of the analytes from plasma samples at pH 5 with ethyl acetate and evaporation of the organic layer. The reconstituted solution of the residue was injected onto a Shim Pack GLC-CN, C18 column and chromatographed with a mobile phase comprised of acetonitrile–1% acetic acid solution (4:1) at a flow-rate of 1 ml/min. The mass spectrometer (LCQ Finnigan Mat) was programmed in the positive single-ion monitoring mode to permit the detection and quantitation of the molecular ions of celecoxib and sulindac at m/z 382 and 357, respectively. The peak area ratio of celecoxib/sulindac and concentration are linear (r2>0.994) over the concentration range 50–1000 ng/ml with a lowest detection limit of 20 ng/ml of celecoxib. Within- and between-day precision are within 1.58–4.0% relative standard deviation and the accuracy is 99.4–107.3% deviation of the nominal concentrations. The relative recoveries of celecoxib from human plasma ranged from 102.4 to 103.3% indicating the suitability of the method for the extraction of celecoxib and I.S. from plasma samples. The validated LC–MS method has been utilized to establish various pharmacokinetic parameters of celecoxib following a single oral dose administration of celecoxib capsules in two selected volunteers. 相似文献
70.
The Importance of Phytogenic Mounds (Nebkhas) for Restoration of Arid Degraded Rangelands in Northern Sinai 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Abstract Natural accumulation of wind‐borne sediments within or around the canopies of plants plays an important role in the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of many coastal and desert ecosystems. The formation of such phytogenic mounds (nebkhas) creates patches that can strongly influence the spatial distribution of plant and soil resources. In land restoration of arid and semiarid environments it is important to study the potential role of such biological patchiness that may provide sites for coexistence of species with different life and growth forms. Our main objective was to test whether the nebkhas of a leguminous shrub, Retama raetam (white broom), promote restoration of herbaceous vegetation and soil in the degraded rangelands of northern Sinai. Vegetation and microclimatic and edaphic characteristics within the nebkhas, as well as within internebkha spaces, were compared for ungrazed and grazed sites. Abundance and richness of herbaceous plants were positively related to nebkha area, which explained more of the variance of abundance and richness in the grazed site than in the ungrazed one. Protection from grazing, especially on nebkhas, was associated with an increase in abundance and richness of herbaceous plants, improved soil microclimate, and increased soil fine particles and nutrient concentrations. The results suggest that management (in casu protection from grazing) of nebkhas of woody perennial shrubs changes rangeland conditions and improves the resource regulatory processes. Furthermore, nebkhas of unpalatable plants have the potential to preserve plant diversity in overgrazed plant communities, because they are effective in capturing and retaining water, soil materials, and propagules within and from nearby areas, resources that would otherwise be lost. 相似文献