可再生生物柴油副产物合成生物材料PHA研究现状

随着生物柴油产业的快速发展,大量的生物柴油副产物必将给生态环境及经济发展带来严重影响。如何利用新思路、新工艺、新技术加工处理副产物,将成为制约生物柴油产业发展的主要因素。聚羟基饱和脂肪酸酯（PHA）是当今生物材料领域最为活跃的研究热点,具有广泛的应用前景,但其生产成本高,选择便宜的合成原料一直是从事PHA研究的科学家们考虑的主要问题之一。将生物柴油副产物用于PHA生产研究,有助于解决副产物过度积累和PHA合成原料成本过高的问题,有利于生物柴油产业的稳定、可持续发展。本文综述了近年来生物柴油副产物用于PHA合成的最新进展。     

菌-藻、藻-藻间化感作用初探

通过研究菌-藻、藻-藻间相互抑制作用,寻找抑制藻类水华的新途径。实验结果表明,选取的12种细菌均未见对藻有明显的抑制作用;在所试4种丝状真菌中,总状毛霉、黑曲霉对藻有不同程度的抑制;选取4种藻做单独培养与两两混合培养,观察生长情况以研究彼此间的关系,结果4种藻间,其生长优势由强到弱依次为栅藻>美丽颤藻>螺旋藻>念珠藻,前面的藻均对后面的藻有明显抑制作用。     

Effects of light on cyanide‐resistant respiration and alternative oxidase function in Arabidopsis seedlings

Mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX), the unique respiratory terminal oxidase in plants, catalyzes the energy wasteful cyanide (CN)‐resistant respiration and plays a role in optimizing photosynthesis. Although it has been demonstrated that leaf AOX is upregulated after illumination, the in vivo mechanism of AOX upregulation by light and its physiological significance are still unknown. In this report, red light and blue light‐induced AOX (especially AOX1a) expressions were characterized. Phytochromes, phototropins and cryptochromes, all these photoreceptors mediate the light‐response of AOX1a gene. When aox1a mutant seedlings were grown under a high‐light (HL) condition, photobleaching was more evident in the mutant than the wild‐type plants. More reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and inefficient dissipation of chloroplast reducing‐equivalents in aox1a mutant may account for its worse adaptation to HL stress. When etiolated seedlings were exposed to illumination for 4 h, chlorophyll accumulation was largely delayed in aox1a plants. We first suggest that more reduction of the photosynthetic electron transport chain and more accumulation of reducing‐equivalents in the mutant during de‐etiolation might be the main reasons.     

Slatkin’s Paradox: when direct observation and realized gene flow disagree. A case study in Ficus

In flying insects, there is frequently a lack of congruence between empirical estimates of local demographic parameters and the prediction that differentiation between populations should decrease with increasing dispersal, a puzzling phenomenon known as Slatkin’s Paradox. Here, we generalize Slatkin’s Paradox to other taxa, drawing from available information on dispersal to predict the relative importance of pollen vs. seed migration in structuring broad‐scale patterns of genetic variation in Ficus hirta, a dioecious fig whose pollen is dispersed by minute, species‐specific fig wasps and whose seeds are disseminated by a variety of vagile vertebrates (especially bats and birds). Local‐scale observational and genetic studies of dioecious understory figs suggest comparable rates of pollen and seed migration. In contrast, we found unusually low nuclear differentiation (F_ST = 0.037, R_ST = 0.074) and high chloroplast differentiation (G_ST = 0.729, N_ST = 0.798) among populations separated by up to 2850 km, leading us to reject the hypothesis of equal pollen and seed migration rates and to obtain an equilibrium estimate of the ratio of pollen to seed migration of r = 16.2–36.3. We reconcile this example of Slatkin’s Paradox with previously published data for dioecious figs and relate it to the picture of exceptionally long‐distance wasp‐mediated pollen dispersal that is emerging for large monoecious fig trees. More generally, we argue that Slatkin’s Paradox is a general phenomenon and suggest it may be common in plants and animals.     

Genealogy and palaeodrainage basins in Yunnan Province: phylogeography of the Yunnan spiny frog,Nanorana yunnanensis (Dicroglossidae)

Historical drainage patterns adjacent to the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau differed markedly from those of today. We examined the relationship between drainage history and geographic patterns of genetic variation in the Yunnan spiny frog, Nanorana yunnanensis, using approximately 981 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA partial sequences from protein‐coding genes ND1 and ND2, and intervening areas including complete tRNA^Ile, tRNA^Gln and tRNA^Met. Two null hypotheses were tested: (i) that genetic patterns do not correspond to the development of drainage systems and (ii) that populations had been stable and not experienced population expansion, bottlenecking and selection. Genealogical analyses identified three, major, well‐supported maternal lineages, each of which had two sublineages. These divergent lineages were completely concordant with six geographical regions. Genetic structure and divergence were strongly congruent with historical rather than contemporary drainage patterns. Most lineages and sublineages were formed via population fragmentation during the rearrangement of paleodrainage basins in the Early Pliocene and Early Pleistocene. Sympatric lineages occurred only in localities at the boundaries of major drainages, likely reflecting secondary contact of previously allopatric populations. Extensive population expansion probably occurred early in the Middle Pleistocene accompanying dramatic climatic oscillations.     

粘细菌的分离筛选方法及其应用前景

由于粘细菌自身生长特性的限制,分离纯化的困难和耗时,极大地限制了菌种资源的开发.该文简要介绍了粘枯细菌的生物生理学特性,探讨了基于纯培养技术筛选粘细菌的常用方法,以及运用宏基因组技术来获得未培养或无子实体克隆菌株的流程,指出了当前在菌种筛选方面存在的主要问题,对进一步的研究开发给出了一些见解,并展望了其在医药、农业、生态环境和工业生产中的应用前景,使粘细菌得到更多研究者的重视,弥补其应用研究的不足.     

小麦低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基分离条件优化

目的：优化一种有效分离小麦LMW-GS的实验条件。方法：以面包小麦L88-6作为材料,采用SDS-PAGE技术,通过对麦谷蛋白提取液、分离胶浓度、分离时间、电泳缓冲液等条件进行实验比较。结果与结论：含0.3mol/LNaI和1.4%4-VP的麦谷蛋白提取液能有效提取LMW-GS成分,分离胶浓度为T=14%C=3%、分离时间为40h、Tris-硼酸或Tris-甘氨酸电极缓冲液的分离条件分离效果好、重复性好、简单易行,为小麦低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基深入研究的第一个限速步骤提供了良好的解决方案。     

油料作物EST资源的生物信息学分析

利用生物信息学方法,收集整理GenBank数据库中截至2008年5月收录的油料作物油菜、花生、芝麻、大豆、向日葵、蓖麻、亚麻、棕榈等八种油料作物的表达序列标签(EST)序列信息,共获得1,185,911条EST序列,使用Crosmatch、RepeatMask-er、Phrap、CAP3、EMBOSS、Blast、EST-pipeline、ORF finder、Interproscan、blast2go、IdentiCS等软件,基于Linux操作系统,进行了综合及分类分析。共获得289,892条UniEST序列,通过以上对EST序列信息的基因注释信息,筛选出与油脂代谢相关的基因信息,并以此为基础构建了油料作物油脂代谢途径比较结构图。本研究为油料作物油脂代谢相关基因数据库的构建和不同油料作物油脂代谢异同的比较打下基础。     

60Co γ射线辐照对鲜食核桃萌芽及相关生理指标的影响

以‘辽河4号'脱皮鲜食核桃果实为试材,经60Co γ射线辐照处理和聚乙烯(PE)保鲜袋包装后贮藏于(25±3)℃和(20±3)℃条件下,测定了相关生理指标的变化,探究60Co γ射线辐照对鲜食核桃萌芽生理的影响.结果表明,在(25±3)℃和(20±3)℃的贮藏条件下,对照组鲜食核桃分别在贮藏12和20 d 时开始发芽,处理组核桃在贮藏期间未出现发芽现象;在对照组鲜食核桃胚芽萌发期间,其呼吸强度、可溶性蛋白质和游离氨基酸含量及脂氧合酶(LOX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性总体呈上升趋势,脂肪含量和脂肪酶(LPS)活性则降低; 而60Co γ射线辐照有效地减缓了鲜食核桃脂肪、可溶性蛋白质及游离氨基酸含量的下降速度及其呼吸代谢强度,提高了POD活性,却抑制了LOX、LPS、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和CAT的活性,从而阻碍了其胚芽的萌发,以达到延长其贮藏期的目的.