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11.
TELFER WILLIAM H.; WOODRUFF RICHARD I.; HUEBNER ERWIN 《Integrative and comparative biology》1981,21(3):675-686
SYNOPSIS. In the oocyte-nurse cell syncytium of meroistic insectovaries a gradient in electrical potential is shown to drivea micro-injected basic protein (fluorescein-labeled lysozyme)and its methylcarboxylated, acidic derivative in opposite directions.In the polytrophic Cecropia ovary the electrophoretic effectis greatest in the intercellular bridges, while in the telotrophicRhodnius ovary it is greatest within the nurse chamber. We speculatethat in both systems the potential gradient prevents the freediffusion of cell cycle and differentiative control proteins,while at the same time reinforcing the transport of acidic precursorstoward the ooplasm. Because of its apparent ability to affectthe distribution of polyions that govern nuclear function, electricalpolarity can also be envisioned to have a more general rolein the control of differentiation. The possibility is consideredthat it serves as a relay mechanism for the non-diffusing determinantthat is already known to govern the differentiation of oocytesfrom nurse cells. 相似文献
12.
Colchicine has a temperature-dependent cytotoxic effect on Entamoeba sp. (Laredo isolate) that is most apparent when the drug is applied during the initiation of cultures at a concentration of 7.5 mM or higher. Continued transfer of cultures in medium containing progressively increasing concentrations of colchicine has resulted in a variant that grows prolifically in the presence of colchicine (7.5 mM) with a generation time comparable to that of the parent stock. Comparison of a number of parameters of the 2 variants revealed that colchicine resistance was accompanied by a change in cell shape, a reduced membrane permeability, which could partially be overcome by the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and a reduced tolerance to osmotic stress. However, the parent strain and resistant variant were equally susceptible to cycloheximide and puromycin suggesting that the acquired colchicine resistance may not be explained on the basis of an entirely unspecific generalized reduced ability for drug uptake. Colchicine resistance and altered structure were found to be stable over a long period of time. The possible interdependence of these 2 parameters and their relation to cell motility in Entamoeba sp. are discussed. 相似文献
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14.
Interest in the use of low-copy nuclear genes for phylogenetic analyses of
plants has grown rapidly, because highly repetitive genes such as those
commonly used are limited in number. Furthermore, because low- copy genes
are subject to different evolutionary processes than are plastid genes or
highly repetitive nuclear markers, they provide a valuable source of
independent phylogenetic evidence. The gene for granule-bound starch
synthase (GBSSI or waxy) exists in a single copy in nearly all plants
examined so far. Our study of GBSSI had three parts: (1) Amino acid
sequences were compared across a broad taxonomic range, including grasses,
four dicotyledons, and the microbial homologs of GBSSI. Inferred structural
information was used to aid in the alignment of these very divergent
sequences. The informed alignments highlight amino acids that are conserved
across all sequences, and demonstrate that structural motifs can be highly
conserved in spite of marked divergence in amino acid sequence. (2)
Maximum-likelihood (ML) analyses were used to examine exon sequence
evolution throughout grasses. Differences in probabilities among
substitution types and marked among-site rate variation contributed to the
observed pattern of variation. Of the parameters examined in our set of
likelihood models, the inclusion of among-site rate variation following a
gamma distribution caused the greatest improvement in likelihood score. (3)
We performed cladistic parsimony analyses of GBSSI sequences throughout
grasses, within tribes, and within genera to examine the phylogenetic
utility of the gene. Introns provide useful information among very closely
related species, but quickly become difficult to align among more divergent
taxa. Exons are variable enough to provide extensive resolution within the
family, but with low bootstrap support. The combined results of amino acid
sequence comparisons, maximum-likelihood analyses, and phylogenetic studies
underscore factors that might affect phylogenetic reconstruction. In this
case, accommodation of the variable rate of evolution among sites might be
the first step in maximizing the phylogenetic utility of GBSSI.
相似文献
15.
Hao-Han Chang Bernard Choong Anthony RJ Phillips Kerry M Loomes 《Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)》2015,240(1):8-14
Diabetic nephropathy is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus with a pressing need for effective metabolic markers to detect renal impairment. Of potential significance are the inositol compounds, myo-inositol (MI), and the less abundant stereoisomer, D-chiro-inositol (DCI), which are excreted at increased levels in the urine in diabetes mellitus, a phenomenon known as inosituria. There is also a selective urinary excretion of DCI compared to MI. As the biological origins of altered inositol metabolism in diabetes mellitus are unknown, the aim of this study was to determine whether the diabetic kidney was directly responsible. Kidneys isolated from four-week streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were characterized by a 3-fold reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) compared to matched non-diabetic kidneys. When perfused with fixed quantities of MI (50 µM) and DCI (5 µM) under normoglycemic conditions (5 mM glucose), GFR-normalized urinary excretion of MI was increased by 1.7-fold in diabetic vs. non-diabetic kidneys. By comparison, GFR-normalized urinary excretion of DCI was increased by 4-fold. Perfusion conditions replicating hyperglycemia (20 mM glucose) potentiated DCI but not MI urinary excretion in both non-diabetic and diabetic kidneys. Overall, there was a 2.4-fold increase in DCI urinary excretion compared to MI in diabetic kidneys that was independent of glucose ambience. This increased urinary excretion of DCI and MI in diabetic kidneys occurred despite increased renal expression of the inositol transporters, sodium myo-inositol transporter subtype 1 and 2 (SMIT1 and SMIT2). These findings show that the diabetic kidney primarily mediates inosituria and altered urinary partitioning of MI and DCI. Urinary inositol levels might therefore serve as an indicator of impaired renal function in diabetes mellitus with wider implications for monitoring chronic kidney disease. 相似文献
16.
Background
PCR-based surveys have shown that guppies (Poecilia reticulata) have an unusually large visual-opsin gene repertoire. This has led to speculation that opsin duplication and divergence has enhanced the evolution of elaborate male coloration because it improves spectral sensitivity and/or discrimination in females. However, this conjecture on evolutionary connections between opsin repertoire, vision, mate choice, and male coloration was generated with little data on gene expression. Here, we used RT-qPCR to survey visual-opsin gene expression in the eyes of males, females, and juveniles in order to further understand color-based sexual selection from the perspective of the visual system. 相似文献17.
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19.
QTL detection experiments in livestock species commonly use the half-sib design. Each male is mated to a number of females, each female producing a limited number of progeny. Analysis consists of attempting to detect associations between phenotype and genotype measured on the progeny. When family sizes are limiting experimenters may wish to incorporate as much information as possible into a single analysis. However, combining information across sires is problematic because of incomplete linkage disequilibrium between the markers and the QTL in the population. This study describes formulæ for obtaining MLEs via the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm for use in a multiple-trait, multiple-family analysis. A model specifying a QTL with only two alleles, and a common within sire error variance is assumed. Compared to single-family analyses, power can be improved up to fourfold with multi-family analyses. The accuracy and precision of QTL location estimates are also substantially improved. With small family sizes, the multi-family, multi-trait analyses reduce substantially, but not totally remove, biases in QTL effect estimates. In situations where multiple QTL alleles are segregating the multi-family analysis will average out the effects of the different QTL alleles. 相似文献
20.
Six non-pregnant cows were allocated into 3 groups. Group 1 comprised a pair of lactating cows, whereas groups 2 and 3 each comprised a pair of non-lactating cows. The cows in groups 1 and 2 were dosed intraruminally by stomach tube with zinc oxide at 120 mg Zn per kg of bodyweight at weekly intervals for a period of 33 days. Each cow received a total of 4 doses of zinc oxide. Group 3 served as non-treated control group. Blood samples were collected from all 6 cows daily. Serum was analysed for concentration of calcium. Within 12–24 h of each zinc oxide administration the serum calcium of the lactating cows dropped dramatically indicating the existence of an antagonistic effect between Zn and Ca. The first Zn induced hypocalcaemic episode in the lactating cows was followed by a rise in serum calcium to a level above the pre-dosing level and above the mean value of the control group. The depth of the hypocalcaemic response decreased with the number of zinc oxide dosings. This effect was explained as a response from the stimulation of the calcium homeostatic mechanisms. In the Zn dosed non-lactating cows responses were similar but less clear. The perspective of these findings is discussed in relation to resistance towards parturient hypocalcaemia. 相似文献