全文获取类型
收费全文 | 14312篇 |
免费 | 1492篇 |
国内免费 | 2607篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 63篇 |
2023年 | 283篇 |
2022年 | 522篇 |
2021年 | 741篇 |
2020年 | 533篇 |
2019年 | 748篇 |
2018年 | 672篇 |
2017年 | 556篇 |
2016年 | 690篇 |
2015年 | 959篇 |
2014年 | 1140篇 |
2013年 | 1192篇 |
2012年 | 1422篇 |
2011年 | 1287篇 |
2010年 | 855篇 |
2009年 | 785篇 |
2008年 | 911篇 |
2007年 | 809篇 |
2006年 | 723篇 |
2005年 | 606篇 |
2004年 | 535篇 |
2003年 | 439篇 |
2002年 | 402篇 |
2001年 | 262篇 |
2000年 | 200篇 |
1999年 | 173篇 |
1998年 | 133篇 |
1997年 | 109篇 |
1996年 | 84篇 |
1995年 | 58篇 |
1994年 | 60篇 |
1993年 | 38篇 |
1992年 | 50篇 |
1991年 | 51篇 |
1990年 | 57篇 |
1989年 | 35篇 |
1988年 | 22篇 |
1987年 | 21篇 |
1986年 | 33篇 |
1985年 | 17篇 |
1984年 | 17篇 |
1983年 | 21篇 |
1982年 | 12篇 |
1981年 | 14篇 |
1980年 | 7篇 |
1979年 | 17篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1977年 | 9篇 |
1976年 | 9篇 |
1975年 | 7篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
51.
52.
KOWICHI JIMBOW DONG LUO HUA CHEN HIROYUKI HARA MU HYOUNG LEE 《Pigment cell & melanoma research》1994,7(5):311-319
In order to better understand the cascade of melanogenic events in melanocytes, this report has introduced our two recent approaches for the expression of melanogenesis/or melanosome-associated genes and encoded proteins in melanocytes (melanoma cells) after repeated exposure to UV -B and after cotransfection of two human genes, i.e., tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1). Repeated exposure of UV B (2.5–5.0 mJ/cm2) caused not only upregulation of tyrosinase and TRP-1 genes but also coordinated increase in the gene and protein synthesis expression of Lamp-1 (lysosome-associated membrane protein-1). When COS-7 kidney cells and amelanotic melanoma (C32 and SKMEL-24) and melanotic melanoma (G361 and SK-MEL-23) cells were exposed to cotransfection of human tyrosinase and TRP-1 cDNAs, there was also an increased expression of Lamp-1 mRNA and protein along with tyrosinase activation and new melanin synthesis. Importantly, single transfectants of human tyrosinase cDNA revealed marked cellular degeneration, whereas this degeneration was not seen in single transfectants of TRP-1 cDNA or cotransfectants of human tyrosinase and TRP-1 cDNAs, indicating that TRP-1 prevented, along with Lamp-1, programmed death of melanocytes after transfection of tyrosinase gene. The coordinated expression of TRP-1 and Lamp-1 was further confirmed by antisense oligodeoxynucleotide hybridization experiment against Lamp-1 gene, showing the decreased expression of TRP-1 as identified by three different types of anti-TRP-1 monoclonal antibodies. We propose therefore that human tyrosinase and TRP-l, when activated or expressed together, will coordinate to upregulate the mRNA expression and protein synthesis of Lamp-1. The Lamp-1 molecules will, in turn, cover the inner surface of melanosomal membrane, together with TRP-1 molecules, thus protecting the melanosomal membrane from toxic melanin intermediates generated during melanogenesis in the presence of active tyrosinase. In contrast, the expression of other lysosome-related proteins, e.g., β-galactosidase and CD63 is not stimulated in new melanogenesis. 相似文献
53.
锌指基因是一种造血调节基因,编码锌指结构蛋白,主要在髓细胞中表达,促进髓细胞分化,在急性早幼粒白血病维甲酸治疗中,促使病情缓解。本文报道了我们从基因分子上研究锌指基因作用中,探索并建立了单向聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增特定单链DNA,直接测序的新方法。它能产生质和量均佳的单链DNA,无需纯化即可直接用于测序,使复杂的测序研究简便易行,可在2,3天内完成。这种单向PCR扩增特定单链DNA直接测序的方法,经对锌指基因的cDNA测序,得到验证。此法不仅适用于疾病研究中的DNA测序,还可制各单链DNA探针,更利于基因结构组成的研究。 相似文献
54.
小麦初生叶接种条锈菌毒性生理小种(CY29)及其弱毒突变菌系(CY29-mut3)后,呈不亲和反应的寄主叶片可溶性蛋白质合成能力在接种后24h显著高于未接种对照,但其后逐渐降低,直至接近对照;而呈亲和性反应的寄主叶片可溶性蛋白质合成在侵染早期与对照相近,但与膜结合蛋白质在96h时大大高于对照。对接种叶中核糖体的密度梯度分析证实:呈不亲和反应寄主叶片游离多聚核糖体及亲和反应的寄主内与膜结合多聚核糖体均有特异性增加。上述结果表明寄主的抗病和感病反应均与蛋白质合成能力的变化有关。 相似文献
55.
A gene encoding 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-N-succinocarboxamide synthetase was identified in Streptococcus pneumoniae as a 708-bp segment of the genome encoding a 27,001-Da protein with strong similarity to known PurC proteins. The S. pneumoniae purC gene, found immediately adjacent to the competence induction genes, comAB, was cloned and sequenced. The predicted protein product of purC displayed substantial (> 40%) identity to the entire sequence of the PurC proteins of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Function of the S. pneumoniae gene product was demonstrated by complementation of E. coli purC mutations. 相似文献
56.
本论文运用支序分类学,借助于计算机技术,详细探讨了浮游多毛类眼蚕科(Alciopidae)九属的系统演化关系,并同前人的进化分类学和数值分类学研究结果进行了比较,对眼蚕科各属的演化途径提出了新的见解。 相似文献
57.
Hui Yang Seth M. Munson Chris Huntingford Nuno Carvalhais Alan K. Knapp Xiangyi Li Josep Peñuelas Jakob Zscheischler Anping Chen 《Global Change Biology》2023,29(8):2351-2362
Negative extreme anomalies in vegetation growth (NEGs) usually indicate severely impaired ecosystem services. These NEGs can result from diverse natural and anthropogenic causes, especially climate extremes (CEs). However, the relationship between NEGs and many types of CEs remains largely unknown at regional and global scales. Here, with satellite-derived vegetation index data and supporting tree-ring chronologies, we identify periods of NEGs from 1981 to 2015 across the global land surface. We find 70% of these NEGs are attributable to five types of CEs and their combinations, with compound CEs generally more detrimental than individual ones. More importantly, we find that dominant CEs for NEGs vary by biome and region. Specifically, cold and/or wet extremes dominate NEGs in temperate mountains and high latitudes, whereas soil drought and related compound extremes are primarily responsible for NEGs in wet tropical, arid and semi-arid regions. Key characteristics (e.g., the frequency, intensity and duration of CEs, and the vulnerability of vegetation) that determine the dominance of CEs are also region- and biome-dependent. For example, in the wet tropics, dominant individual CEs have both higher intensity and longer duration than non-dominant ones. However, in the dry tropics and some temperate regions, a longer CE duration is more important than higher intensity. Our work provides the first global accounting of the attribution of NEGs to diverse climatic extremes. Our analysis has important implications for developing climate-specific disaster prevention and mitigation plans among different regions of the globe in a changing climate. 相似文献
58.
Lasse T. Keetz Eva Lieungh Kaveh Karimi-Asli Sonya R. Geange Emiliano Gelati Hui Tang Yeliz A. Yilmaz Kjetil S. Aas Inge H. J. Althuizen Anders Bryn Stefanie Falk Rosie Fisher Anne Fouilloux Peter Horvath Sunniva Indrehus Hanna Lee Danica Lombardozzi Frans-Jan W. Parmentier Norbert Pirk Vigdis Vandvik Ane V. Vollsnes Olav Skarpaas Frode Stordal Lena M. Tallaksen 《Global Change Biology》2023,29(15):4440-4452
Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs) provide a state-of-the-art process-based approach to study the complex interplay between vegetation and its physical environment. For example, they help to predict how terrestrial plants interact with climate, soils, disturbance and competition for resources. We argue that there is untapped potential for the use of DGVMs in ecological and ecophysiological research. One fundamental barrier to realize this potential is that many researchers with relevant expertize (ecology, plant physiology, soil science, etc.) lack access to the technical resources or awareness of the research potential of DGVMs. Here we present the Land Sites Platform (LSP): new software that facilitates single-site simulations with the Functionally Assembled Terrestrial Ecosystem Simulator, an advanced DGVM coupled with the Community Land Model. The LSP includes a Graphical User Interface and an Application Programming Interface, which improve the user experience and lower the technical thresholds for installing these model architectures and setting up model experiments. The software is distributed via version-controlled containers; researchers and students can run simulations directly on their personal computers or servers, with relatively low hardware requirements, and on different operating systems. Version 1.0 of the LSP supports site-level simulations. We provide input data for 20 established geo-ecological observation sites in Norway and workflows to add generic sites from public global datasets. The LSP makes standard model experiments with default data easily achievable (e.g., for educational or introductory purposes) while retaining flexibility for more advanced scientific uses. We further provide tools to visualize the model input and output, including simple examples to relate predictions to local observations. The LSP improves access to land surface and DGVM modelling as a building block of community cyberinfrastructure that may inspire new avenues for mechanistic ecosystem research across disciplines. 相似文献
59.
Kang Wang Hui Lin Conghui Peng Lin Sun Yahui Gao Baohong Chen 《Global Change Biology》2023,29(17):5099-5113
Noctiluca scintillans is one of the most common harmful algal species and widely known due to its bioluminescence. In this study, the spatial distribution, seasonal variations, and long-term trends of N. scintillans blooms in China and the related drivers were analyzed and discussed. From 1933 to 2020, a total of 265 events of N. scintillans blooms were recorded in Chinese coastal waters, with a total duration of 1052 days. The first N. scintillans bloom occurred in Zhejiang in 1933, and only three events were recorded before 1980. From 1981 to 2020, N. scintillans caused harmful algal blooms (HABs) almost every year, both the average duration and the proportion of multiphase HABs showed an increasing trend. 1986–1992, 2002–2004, and 2009–2016 were the three peak periods with a frequency of no less than five events of N. scintillans blooms per year. In terms of spatial distribution, N. scintillans blooms spread from the Southeast China Sea to the Bohai Sea after 2000, Guangdong, Fujian, and Hebei were the three provinces with the highest numbers of recorded events of N. scintillans blooms. Moreover, 86.8% of the events of N. scintillans blooms occurred in spring (March, April, and May) and summer (June, July, and August). Among environmental factors, the dissolved inorganic phosphate, dissolved silicate and chemical oxygen demand were significantly correlated with the cell density of N. scintillans during N. scintillans blooms, and most of N. scintillans blooms were recorded in the temperature range of 18.0–25.0°C. Precipitation, hydrodynamics, water temperature, and food availability might be the main factors affecting the spatial–temporal distribution of N. scintillans blooms along the Chinese coast. 相似文献
60.
Wen Gao Ying Xu Jianxiang Liu Xiaolei Wang Xinhong Dong Guigen Teng Binbin Liu Jinpei Dong Chaoyi Ge Hui Ye Xuezhi Zhang Hong Cheng 《Helicobacter》2023,28(2):e12947