彩色马蹄莲品种‘Parfait’多倍体诱导及其生物学特征变化

以彩色马蹄莲品种‘Parfait’（Zantedeschiahybrid‘Parfait’）离体丛生芽块为实验材料,对其多倍体诱导过程中秋水仙素和二甲基亚砜（DMSO）浓度以及浸泡时间进行分析,并比较了多倍体与二倍体植株在叶形指数、气孔特征、叶绿素含量和染色体数的差异,最终通过回归分析确定最佳诱导条件。结果显示：随秋水仙素质量体积分数的提高及浸泡时间的缩短,各处理组的丛生芽存活率逐渐增加且均低于对照,而多倍体诱导率逐渐降低且均显著高于对照。综合考虑丛生芽存活率和多倍体诱导率等因素,根据回归分析确定‘Parfait’多倍体诱导的最佳条件为：丛生芽块在含质量体积分数0.20%秋水仙素和体积分数0.10%DMSO的MS液体培养基中浸泡24h,多倍体诱导率可达50.02%。比较分析结果表明：多倍体植株的叶片长度、厚度和长宽比分别为二倍体植株的1.23、1.19和2.93倍,保卫细胞的长度和宽度以及每气孔叶绿体数分别为二倍体植株的1.90、1.96和2.03倍,叶绿素a和总叶绿素含量分别为二倍体植株的1.28和1.17倍;但多倍体植株的叶宽和气孔密度均较小,分别仅为二倍体植株的42.08%和61.55%。除叶绿素b含量外,多倍体植株的其他生物学特性均与二倍体植株差异显著。染色体计数结果显示：获得的多倍体大多为四倍体,染色体数为2n=64,同时还得到了一些嵌合体和六倍体。研究结果表明：彩色马蹄莲品种‘Parfait’多倍体植株的多数生物学特性优于二倍体植株,且其对环境的适应性更强。     

根癌农杆菌介导麝香百合遗传转化体系的建立

以麝香百合"white elegance"叶片为外植体,通过根癌农杆菌介导法,研究了影响其转化的因素,建立了稳定而高效的麝香百合遗传转化体系。结果表明,以叶片为受体材料,外植体预培养有利于农杆菌的侵染;3 d的共培养,根癌农杆菌OD600值为0.6左右、侵染10 min,能获得较高的转化率;50 mg.L-1的卡那霉素对叶片有很好的筛选效果。抗性植株经PCR检测,初步证明Mn-SOD基因已转入到麝香百合植株中。     

草莓ζ-胡萝卜素脱氢酶基因ZDS的克隆及特征分析

用RT-PCR和RACE技术从草莓(Fragaria ananassa Duchesne)果实中克隆到ζ-胡萝卜素脱氢酶基因ZDS,命名为FaZDS,其cDNA全长2148 bp,具有1个1710 bp的完整开放阅读框(ORF),编码569个氨基酸。序列分析表明,FaZDS编码的氨基酸序列与其它植物的ZDS蛋白有很高的相似性。系统进化树分析表明,草莓与苹果的ZDS蛋白亲缘关系较近。原核表达结果表明FaZDS基因在大肠杆菌中能高效表达。用半定量RT-PCR技术进行组织表达模式分析表明,FaZDS基因在草莓的花、叶片和果实中均有表达,表达量为花红果粉红果白果青果叶。     

Trehalose and trehalose-hydrolyzing enzyme in the haemolymph of Locusta migratoria infected with Metarhizium anisopliae strain CQMa102

Topical application of the Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum specialist strain CQMa 102 to the locust Locusta migratoria manilensis results in changes of the concentrations of trehalose and glucose in the haemolymph. Micrographs of the locust haemolymph shows Metarhizium anisopliae can effectivly penetrate the external skeleton of locust and after 2 days infection, the hyphae body will appear in the haemolymph of infected insects. The time in decrease of trehalose concentration coincided with that in increase of trehalose-hydrolysing enzyme activity in the haemolymph of the fungus-infected insects. Overlay gel analysis indicated there was considerably more trehalose-hydrolysing activity in the haemolymph of locusts infected by fungus than in controls. A comparable isoform was identified in in vitro culture of the fungus, suggesting a fungal origin for the in vivo enzyme. Haemolymph trehalose decreased significantly during mycosis of locusts by M. anisopliae. All these results suggested that this fungus may take advantage of competing nutrient utilization against the insect by its trehalose-hydrolyzing enzyme secretion. It may provide fundamental knowledge for fungal pathogenesis.     

乙酰胆碱协同剂对蚕豆保卫细胞原生质体内向钾电流的调节作用

用膜片钳全细胞记录方式研究了乙酰胆碱对蚕豆保卫细胞原生质体内向钾电流的作用与机理。发现乙酰胆碱的协同剂———烟碱和毒蕈碱分别促进内向钾电流 30 %～ 40 %。EGTA处理能有效减弱毒蕈碱对内向钾电流的促进效应 ,但不影响烟碱对内向电流的促进效应。这些结果提示 ,乙酰胆碱促进气孔开放的作用可能是通过受体直接或间接调节内向钾电流实现的     

祁连山东段高原鼢鼠暖季活动节律及其影响因素

正动物活动节律是在光周期、外界环境和内在生理机制共同调节下,动物表现出的休息和活动规律,它可以反映出动物个体营养状况、生存压力及社会地位等信息,是研究动物生态行为策略的重要依据(孙儒泳,2006)。尚玉昌(2006)认为温度和光照强度变化直接影响动物行为,而食物资源和天敌数量变化则能间接影响动物行为。目前对于地上栖息的啮齿动物活动节律及其影响因素已有许多报道(金建丽等,2003;纪春艳等,2005;宛新荣     

鉴别检测非洲猪瘟野毒株和基因缺失疫苗株的三重荧光PCR的建立

非洲猪瘟是由非洲猪瘟病毒(African swine fever,ASFV)引起的猪的一种急性、高度接触性传染病.本研究根据ASFV B646L、MGF360-14L和CD2v基因设计了 3套引物和探针,建立了可同时鉴别检测ASFV野毒株和基因缺失疫苗株的三重荧光PCR方法.结果表明,该法特异性强,可同时检测ASFV B646L、MGF360-14L和CD2v基因,与猪圆环病毒2型、猪瘟病毒、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、口蹄疫病毒、猪A型塞内卡病毒等无交叉反应;两份ASFV MGF360-505R与CD2v基因联合缺失疫苗株DNA三重荧光PCR法检测结果都仅出现一条B646L扩增曲线,与预期一致;灵敏度高,该法对重组质粒pUC-B646L、pUC-360-14L和pUC-CD2v的检出限分别为1.572×103拷贝/mL、1.934×103拷贝/mL 和 1.929×103拷贝/mL,灵敏度比世界动物卫生组织(World organization for animal health,OIE)推荐的荧光PCR高10倍;重复性好,对三种重组质粒检测的Ct值批内和批间变异系数均小于2％;应用该法及OIE推荐的荧光PCR对1 215份样品进行平行检测,结果显示23份样品为阳性,1 192份样品为阴性,两种方法检测结果一致.本研究建立的方法能鉴别检测ASFV野毒株和基因缺失疫苗株(缺失MGF360-505R和/或CD2v基因),对将来基因缺失疫苗的推广应用及ASF疫情防控具有重要的意义.     

Environmental controls over carbon exchange of three forest ecosystems in eastern China

Net ecosystem productivity (NEP) was continuously measured using the eddy covariance (EC) technique from 2003 to 2005 at three forest sites of ChinaFLUX. The forests include Changbaishan temperate mixed forest (CBS), Qianyanzhou subtropical coniferous plantation (QYZ), and Dinghushan subtropical evergreen broad‐leaved forest (DHS). They span wide ranges of temperature and precipitation and are influenced by the eastern Asian monsoon climate to varying extent. In this study, we estimated ecosystem respiration (RE) and gross ecosystem productivity (GEP). Comparison of ecosystem carbon exchange among the three forests shows that RE was mainly determined by temperature, with the forest at CBS exhibiting the highest temperature sensitivity among the three ecosystems. The RE was highly dependent on GEP across the three forests, and the ratio of RE to GEP decreased along the North–South Transect of Eastern China (NSTEC) (i.e. from the CBS to the DHS), with an average of 0.77 ± 0.06. Daily GEP was mainly influenced by temperature at CBS, whereas photosynthetic photon flux density was the dominant factor affecting the daily GEP at both QYZ and DHS. Temperature mainly determined the pattern of the interannual variations of ecosystem carbon exchange at CBS. However, water availability primarily controlled the interannual variations of ecosystem carbon exchange at QYZ. At DHS, NEP attained the highest values at the beginning of the dry seasons (autumn) rather than the rainy seasons (summer), probably because insufficient radiation and frequent fog during the rainy seasons hindered canopy photosynthesis. All the three forest ecosystems acted as a carbon sink from 2003 to 2005. The annual average values of NEP at CBS, QYZ, and DHS were 259 ± 19, 354 ± 34, and 434 ± 66 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹, respectively. The slope of NEP that decreased with increasing latitude along the NSTEC was markedly different from that observed on the forest transect in the European continent. Long‐term flux measurements over more forest ecosystems along the NSTEC will further help verify such a difference between the European forest transect and the NSTEC and provide insights into the responses of ecosystem carbon exchange to climate change in China.     

Long-term patterns of mass loss during the decomposition of leaf and fine root litter: an intersite comparison

Decomposition is a critical process in global carbon cycling. During decomposition, leaf and fine root litter may undergo a later, relatively slow phase; past long-term experiments indicate this phase occurs, but whether it is a general phenomenon has not been examined. Data from Long-term Intersite Decomposition Experiment Team, representing 27 sites and nine litter types (for a total of 234 cases) was used to test the frequency of this later, slow phase of decomposition. Litter mass remaining after up to 10 years of decomposition was fit to models that included (dual exponential and asymptotic) or excluded (single exponential) a slow phase. The resultant regression equations were evaluated for goodness of fit as well as biological realism. Regression analysis indicated that while the dual exponential and asymptotic models statistically and biologically fit more of the litter type–site combinations than the single exponential model, the latter was biologically reasonable for 27–65% of the cases depending on the test used. This implies that a slow phase is common, but not universal. Moreover, estimates of the decomposition rate of the slowly decomposing component averaged 0.139–0.221 year⁻¹ (depending on method), higher than generally observed for mineral soil organic matter, but one-third of the faster phase of litter decomposition. Thus, this material may be slower than the earlier phases of litter decomposition, but not as slow as mineral soil organic matter. Comparison of the long-term integrated decomposition rate (which included all phases of decomposition) to that for the first year of decomposition indicated the former was on average 75% that of the latter, consistent with the presence of a slow phase of decomposition. These results indicate that the global store of litter estimated using short-term decomposition rates would be underestimated by at least one-third.