Chromosomal location and cloning of the gene (trmD) responsible for the synthesis of tRNA (m1G) methyltransferase in Escherichia coli K-12

Summary The trmD gene, which governs the formation of 1-methyl-guanosine (m¹G) in transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA), has been located by phage P1 transduction at 56 min on the chromosomal map of Escherichia coli. Cotransduction to tyrA at 56 min is 80%. From the Clarke and Carbon collection a ColE1-tyrA ⁺ hybrid plasmid was isolated, which carried the trmD ⁺ gene and was shown to over-produce the tRNA (m¹G)methyltransferase. By subcloning restriction enzyme fragments in vitro, the trmD ⁺ gene was located to a 3.4 kb DNA fragment 6.5 kb clockwise from the tyrA ⁺ gene. The mutation trmD1, which renders the tRNA (m¹G) methyltransferase temperaturesensitive both in vivo and in vitro could be complemented by trmD ⁺ plasmids. These results suggest that the gene trmD ⁺ is the structural gene for the tRNA (m¹G)methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.3.1).     

Formation of Virus Assembly Intermediate Complexes in the Cytoplasm by Wild-Type and Assembly-Defective Mutant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Their Association with Membranes

We have previously identified two distinct forms of putative viral assembly intermediate complexes, a detergent-resistant complex (DRC) and a detergent-sensitive complex (DSC), in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected CD4(+) T cells (Y. M. Lee and X. F. Yu, Virology 243:78-93, 1998). In the present study, the intracellular localization of these two viral assembly intermediate complexes was investigated by use of a newly developed method of subcellular fractionation. In wild-type HIV-1-infected H9 cells, the DRC fractionated with the soluble cytoplasmic fraction, whereas the DSC was associated with the membrane fraction. The DRC was also detected in the cytoplasmic fraction in H9 cells expressing HIV-1 Myr- mutant Gag. However, little of the unmyristylated Gag and Gag-Pol proteins was found in the membrane fraction. Furthermore, HIV-1 Gag proteins synthesized in vitro in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system in the absence of exogenous lipid membrane were able to assemble into a viral Gag complex similar to that of the DRC identified in infected H9 cells. The density of the viral Gag complex was not altered by treatment with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100, suggesting a lack of association of this complex with endogenous lipid. Formation of the DRC was not significantly affected by mutations in assembly domains M and L of the Gag protein but was drastically inhibited by a mutation in the assembly I domain. Purified DRC could be disrupted by high-salt treatment, suggesting electrostatic interactions are important for stabilizing the DRC. The Gag precursor proteins in the DRC were more sensitive to trypsin digestion than those in the DSC. These findings suggest that HIV-1 Gag and Gag-Pol precursors assemble into DRC in the cytoplasm, a process which requires the protein-protein interaction domain (I) in NCp7; subsequently, the DRC is transported to the plasma membrane through a process mediated by the M domain of the matrix protein. It appears that during this process, a conformational change might occur in the DRC either before or after its association with the plasma membrane, and this change is followed by the detection of virus budding structure at the plasma membrane.     

Beh?et's disease

Beh?et's disease is characterized by recurrent aphthous stomatitis, uveitis, genital ulcers, and skin lesions. The role of the HLA-B*51 gene has been confirmed in recent years, although its contribution to the overall genetic susceptibility to Beh?et's disease was estimated to be only 19%. The production of a variety of cytokines by T cells activated with multiple antigens has been shown to play a pivotal role in the activation of neutrophils. As regards the treatment, anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy has been shown to be effective for mucocutaneous symptoms as well as for sight-threatening panuveitis, although a randomized, controlled trial is required.     

Inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme containing a tetrahedral arsenic atom.

A series of tetrahedral oxo acids of Group VA and VIA elements and of silicon and boron were examined as inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Arsenate is a competitive inhibitor with a Ki of 27 +/- 1 mM, at least 10-fold more potent than phosphate. Dimethylarsinate is a competitive inhibitor with a Ki of 70 +/- 9 mM, 2-fold more potent than dimethylphosphinate. Oxo acids of boron, silicon, antimony, sulphur and selenium are not inhibitors. On the basis of these results and the strong inhibition of this zinc metallopeptidase by substrate analogues containing a tetrahedral phosphorus atom, two substrate analogues containing a tetrahedral arsenic atom were prepared. 2-Arsonoacetyl-L-proline is a competitive inhibitor with a Ki of 18 +/- 7 mM, more than 2000-fold weaker than that of its phosphorus analogue 2-phosphonoacetyl-L-proline. 4-Arsono-2-benzylbutanoic acid is a mixed inhibitor with a Ki of 0.5 +/- 0.2 mM, indistinguishable in potency from its phosphorus analogue 2-benzyl-4-phosphonobutanoic acid.     

Effect of Maternal Exposure of Fluoride on Biometals and Oxidative Stress Parameters in Developing CNS of Rat

Excessive intake of essential elements agitates elemental homeostasis resulting in their heterogeneous distribution. Distraction of these elements in central nervous system (CNS) have been demonstrated in many neurological disorders, which are vital in generating free radicals, causing oxidative stress, and contributing to neuronal maladies. The developing CNS is highly vulnerable to environmental agents, including fluoride. Fluorosis is one such disorder ensued from excessive consumption of fluoride containing water and/or foods that poses a greater threat to the life. Present study offers perturbations caused by fluoride toxicity on the level of biometal and antioxidant homeostasis and their interactions. Pregnant Wistar rats were exposed to 100- and 200-ppm fluoride (F⁻) in drinking water and controls with tap water. The pups born to them were used for the study. On 21st postnatal day, the concentration of fluoride, biometals, and oxidative stress markers were determined in discrete regions of CNS. The levels of fluoride, copper, and iron increased whereas manganese and zinc were decreased considerably. Among antioxidant enzymes, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase were decreased and lipid peroxidation was increased with regional alterations. The correlation coefficient values among oxidative stress markers and biometals were either positive or negative and showed less significance during correlation. The results confirm that the fluoride provoked oxidative stress and biometal deformations are synergistic that successively governs the neuronal damage and developing CNS no longer prevents exacerbations of fluoride.     

Molecular cloning of cis-acting regulatory alleles of the Bacillus subtilis amyR region by using gene conversion transformation.

Three cis-acting alleles (gra-10, gra-5, and amyR2) of the Bacillus subtilis amyR promoter locus each cause catabolite repression-resistance of amyE-encoded alpha-amylase synthesis. The gra-10, gra-5, and amyR2 alleles were transferred from the chromosomes of their respective hosts to a plasmid carrying the amyR1-amyE+ gene by the process of gene conversion which is carried out during transformation of competent B. subtilis by plasmid clones carrying homologous DNA. The cloned amyR promoter regions containing the gra-10 and gra-5 mutations were shown to confer catabolite repression-resistance in cis to the synthesis of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase encoded by the cat-86 indicator gene when subcloned into the promoter-probe plasmid pPL603B. Implications concerning both the regulation of amyR utilization and the process of gene conversion in B. subtilis are discussed.     

Mechanism of mda-5 Inhibition by Paramyxovirus V Proteins

The RNA helicases encoded by melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (mda-5) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) detect foreign cytoplasmic RNA molecules generated during the course of a virus infection, and their activation leads to induction of type I interferon synthesis. Paramyxoviruses limit the amount of interferon produced by infected cells through the action of their V protein, which binds to and inhibits mda-5. Here we show that activation of both mda-5 and RIG-I by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) leads to the formation of homo-oligomers through self-association of the helicase domains. We identify a region within the helicase domain of mda-5 that is targeted by all paramyxovirus V proteins and demonstrate that they inhibit activation of mda-5 by blocking dsRNA binding and consequent self-association. In addition to this commonly targeted domain, some paramyxovirus V proteins target additional regions of mda-5. In contrast, V proteins cannot bind to RIG-I and consequently have no effect on the ability of RIG-I to bind dsRNA or to form oligomers.     

Seasonal changes in the ruminal microflora of the high-arctic Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus).

The dominant rumen bacteria in high-arctic Svalbard reindeer were characterized, their population densities were estimated, and ruminal pH was determined in summer, when food quality and availability are good, and in winter, when they are poor. In summer the total cultured viable population density was (2.09 +/- 1.26) X 10(10) cells ml-1, whereas in winter it was (0.36 +/- 0.29) X 10(10) cells ml-1, representing a decrease to 17% of the summer population density. On culture, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens represented 22% of the bacterial population in summer and 30% in winter. Streptococcus bovis represented 17% of the bacterial population in summer but only 4% in winter. Methanogenic bacteria were present at 10(4) cells ml-1 in summer and 10(7) cells ml-1 in winter. In summer and winter, respectively, the proportions of the viable population showing the following activities were as follows: starch utilization, 68 and 63%; fiber digestion, 31 and 74%; cellulolysis, 15 and 35%; xylanolysis, 30 and 58%; proteolysis, 51 and 28%; ureolysis, 40 and 54%; and lactate utilization, 13 and 4%. The principal cellulolytic bacterium was B. fibrisolvens, which represented 66 and 52% of the cellulolytic population in summer and winter, respectively. The results indicate that the microflora of the rumen of Svalbard reindeer is highly effective in fiber digestion and nitrogen metabolism, allowing the animals to survive under the austere nutritional conditions typical of their high-arctic habitat.     

Within-tree spatial variation in the leaf monoterpenes of Sequoia sempervirens

Location within a tree was analyzed as a source of variation in Sequoia sempervirens leaf monoterpenes. No differences were found for quantitative composition or total yield/dry wt among lower, middle and upper canopy positions. The awlshaped, spirally arranged leaves of vigorous upper shoots showed small quantitative compositional differences, but not differences in total yield. The intermediate leaf form of young sprouts had the most different monoterpene quantitative composition and about three times the total yield of the above two leaf forms. Analysis of a clonal ring of 17 adult trees resulted in coefficients of variation similar to those for samples collected from different canopy levels of the same shoot. Results revealed the sources and magnitudes of experimental error in comparative studies of this species' leaf monoterpenes, and did not support the concept that somatic mutation provides an important source of variation in a large, long-lived organism such as coast redwood.