血纤维蛋白溶酶原激活因子及其抑制因子在神经系统的作用

血纤维蛋白溶酶原激活因子和血纤维蛋白溶酶原激活因子的抑制因子与神经肌肉系统的生长发育有十分密切关系。ＰＡ对神经细胞的增殖、迁移、神经的变性与再生和对肌肉卫星细胞的融全以及对神经肌肉间突触的成和可塑性都有明显的作用。     

葡萄斑叶蝉的生物学特性及防治

葡萄斑叶蝉在豫西各地每年发生3代,以成虫在落叶下、杂草丛等越冬。发生盛期在7月下旬及8月上旬。可采用以下方法防治：秋末清扫落叶并销毁;成虫产卵盛期人工摘虫叶;喷洒20％杀灭菊酯3000倍稀释液或50％辛硫磷2000倍稀释液,杀虫效果可达90％。     

TLR3 activation induces S100A7 to regulate keratinocyte differentiation after skin injury

Human S100A7 (psoriasin) is highly expressed in psoriasis and other inflammatory diseases; however, the function of S100A7 in wound repair remains largely unknown. Here we demonstrated that skin injury increased the expression of S100A7. Damaged cells from wounded skin induced the expression of S100A7 via the activation of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) followed by the activation of p38 MAPK. S100A7, in turn, acted on keratinocytes to induce the expression of terminal differentiation marker gene loricrin through the activation of p38 MAPK and caspase-1. The differentiation of keratinocytes induced by S100A7 resulted in skin stratification, thus efficiently promoting wound closure. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the activation of TLR3 accelerates wound closure via the induction of S100A7 to induce keratinocyte differentiation. These findings also provide new insights into the development of different forms of treatment with skin wounds.     

SWATH‐based quantitative proteomics reveals the mechanism of enhanced Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus‐resistance in silkworm reared on UV‐B treated mulberry leaves

Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is one of the most acute infectious diseases in silkworm, which has led to great economic loss in sericulture. Previous study showed that the content of secondary metabolites in mulberry leaves, particularly for moracin N, was increased after UV‐B irradiation. In this study, the BmNPV resistance of silkworms reared on UV‐B treated and moracin N spread mulberry leaves was improved. To uncover the mechanism of enhanced BmNPV resistance, silkworm midguts from UV‐B treated mulberry leaves (BUM) and moracin N (BNM) groups were analyzed by SWATH‐based proteomic technique. Of note, the abundance of ribosomal proteins in BUM and BNM groups was significantly changed to maintain the synthesis of total protein levels and cell survival. While, cytochrome c oxidase subunit II, calcium ATPase and programmed cell death 4 involved in apoptotic process were up‐regulated in BNM group. Expressions of lipase‐1, serine protease precursor, Rab1 protein, and histone genes were increased significantly in BNM group. These results suggest that moracin N might be the main active component in UV‐B treated mulberry leaves which could improve the BmNPV‐resistance of silkworm through promoting apoptotic cell death, enhancing the organism immunity, and regulating the intercellular environment of cells in silkworm. It also presents an innovative process to reduce the mortality rate of silkworms infected with BmNPV.     

Role of Exogenous Nitric Oxide in Alleviating Iron Deficiency Stress of Peanut Seedlings (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Arachis hypogaea</Emphasis> L.)

A greenhouse hydroponic experiment was performed to evaluate how peanut seedlings (Arachis hypogaea L.) responded to iron (Fe) deficiency stress in the presence of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor. The results showed that Fe deficiency inhibited peanut plant growth, decreased chlorophyll and active Fe concentrations, and dramatically disturbed ion balance. The addition of 50, 100, 250, and 500 µM SNP, significantly promoted the absorption of Fe in the cell wall, cell organelles, and soluble fractions, increased the concentrations of active Fe and chlorophyll in peanut plants, and alleviated the excess absorption of manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) induced by Fe deficiency. In addition, SNP also significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase, which is beneficial to inhibit the accumulation of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species. Addition of 250 µM SNP had the most significant alleviating effect against Fe-deficiency stress, and after 15 days of treatment, the plants with the 250 µM SNP treatment achieved comparable NO levels with those grown under optimal nutrition conditions. However, the effects of SNP were reversed by addition of hemoglobin (Hb, a NO scavenger). These results suggest that NO released from SNP decomposition was responsible for the effect of SNP-induced alleviation on Fe deficiency.     

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Taxus chinensis var. mairei (Taxaceae): loss of an inverted repeat region and comparative analysis with related species

Taxus chinensis var. mairei (Taxaceae) is a domestic variety of yew species in local China. This plant is one of the sources for paclitaxel, which is a promising antineoplastic chemotherapy drugs during the last decade. We have sequenced the complete nucleotide sequence of the chloroplast (cp) genome of T. chinensis var. mairei. The T. chinensis var. mairei cp genome is 129,513 bp in length, with 113 single copy genes and two duplicated genes (trnI-CAU, trnQ-UUG). Among the 113 single copy genes, 9 are intron-containing. Compared to other land plant cp genomes, the T. chinensis var. mairei cp genome has lost one of the large inverted repeats (IRs) found in angiosperms, fern, liverwort, and gymnosperm such as Cycas revoluta and Ginkgo biloba L. Compared to related species, the gene order of T. chinensis var. mairei has a large inversion of ~ 110 kb including 91 genes (from rps18 to accD) with gene contents unarranged. Repeat analysis identified 48 direct and 2 inverted repeats 30 bp long or longer with a sequence identity greater than 90%. Repeated short segments were found in genes rps18, rps19 and clpP. Analysis also revealed 22 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci and almost all are composed of A or T.     

Application of a sensitive collection heuristic for very large protein families: Evolutionary relationship between adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and classic mammalian lipases

Background  

Manually finding subtle yet statistically significant links to distantly related homologues becomes practically impossible for very populated protein families due to the sheer number of similarity searches to be invoked and analyzed. The unclear evolutionary relationship between classical mammalian lipases and the recently discovered human adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL; a patatin family member) is an exemplary case for such a problem.     

马尾松林杆材阶段生物产量和经级分化及密度效应初探

马尾松(Pinus massoniana)是我国松树中分布最广、数量最多的主要用材和薪炭材树种。它具有适应性强、生长快、用途广,造林成本低和易于成林等优点,是我国南方荒山造林的重要先锋树种,其经济意义、环境防护效能及美学价值,都是为人们所公认的。马尾松的干材成长阶段,是林木胸径和树高旺盛生长时期,林木与生长空间的矛盾及树木间的竞争较剧烈,天然整枝、林木分化和自然稀疏都很强烈。如何调节和控制这个时期的立木密度,使其形成合理的群体结构,对于保证林木成熟期的材积生长和取得最大生物量将具有十分重要意义。本试验目的就在于探明不同密度松树杆材林的生物量、林木分化与产量结构以及不同密度下的生态效应,为确定合理的造林密度和制定疏伐措施提供科学依据。     

Broad Neutralization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Elicited from Human Rhinoviruses That Display the HIV-1 gp41 ELDKWA Epitope

In efforts to develop AIDS vaccine components, we generated combinatorial libraries of recombinant human rhinoviruses that display the well-conserved ELDKWA epitope of the membrane-proximal external region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp41. The broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody 2F5 was used to select for viruses whose ELDKWA conformations resemble those of HIV. Immunization of guinea pigs with different chimeras, some boosted with ELDKWA-based peptides, elicited antibodies capable of neutralizing HIV-1 pseudoviruses of diverse subtypes and coreceptor usages. These recombinant immunogens are the first reported that elicit broad, albeit modest, neutralization of HIV-1 using an ELDKWA-based epitope and are among the few reported that elicit broad neutralization directed against any recombinant HIV epitope, providing a critical advance in developing effective AIDS vaccine components.The development of an AIDS vaccine is an ongoing and urgent challenge. One of the major hurdles is that the specific correlates of protection against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are still largely unknown. Nonetheless, most agree that the full complement of cellular and humoral components of the immune system will be needed to combat this virus. This is especially true given that the virus resides permanently in its host, infects the very cells needed to direct effective immune responses, and evades the immune system, either by changing in appearance or hiding in subcellular compartments.A broadly reactive neutralizing antibody response is likely to be critical as a first line of defense upon initial HIV exposure by aiding in the clearance of cell-free virions, targeting infected cells for destruction, and preventing viral spread through cell-to-cell transmission. The presence of inhibitory antibodies in highly exposed persistently seronegative individuals testifies to the importance of the humoral response (9, 37). Additionally, broadly neutralizing serum has been associated with healthier prognoses for infected individuals (27, 65) and may be vital for protecting offspring from their infected mothers (7, 79) and preventing superinfection by heterologous HIV strains (23, 84). Even if complete protection cannot be achieved by vaccine-derived antibodies, an early, well-poised and effective neutralizing antibody repertoire may be able to lower the set point of the viral load following the initial burst of viremia, an outcome that has been reported to translate into improved disease outcomes and reduced transmission of HIV (66, 74). Further benefits of neutralizing antibodies have been seen with passive immunization studies in macaques, in which administration of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) has demonstrated that it is possible to provide protection from—and even sterilizing immunity against—HIV infection (5, 51, 66). There is also evidence that such antibodies may provide therapeutic benefits for chronically infected individuals, analogous to benefits realized with anti-HIV drug treatment regimens (87).Despite the promising potential of broadly neutralizing MAbs, designing immunogens that can elicit such cross-reactive neutralizing responses against HIV has been a surprisingly difficult task. Since the majority of the host''s B-cell response is directed against the envelope (Env) glycoproteins, gp120 and gp41, vaccine efforts have concentrated on these proteins and derivatives thereof in approaches ranging from the use of Env-based peptide cocktails to recombinant proteins and DNAs made with varied or consensus sequences and diverse, heterologous prime/protein boost regimens (reviewed in references 36, 58, and 70). These iterative studies have shown notable improvements in the potency and breadth of neutralizing responses induced. However, concerns exist regarding immunogens containing extraneous epitopes, as is the case with intact subunits of Env, and the nature of the immune responses they may elicit. A polyclonal burst of antibodies against a multitude of nonfunctional epitopes may include a predominance of antibodies that are (i) low affinity and/or nonfunctional (reviewed in reference 72); (ii) isolate specific (25); (iii) able to interfere with the neutralizing capabilities of otherwise-effective antibodies (via steric hindrance or by inducing various forms of B-cell pathology) (67); or (iv) directed against irrelevant epitopes instead of more conserved (and sometimes concealed) epitopes that might be able to elicit more potent and cross-reactive neutralizing responses (28, 71, 91).We have developed a system that can be used to present essentially any chosen epitope in a stable, well-exposed manner on the surface of the cold-causing human rhinovirus (HRV). HRV is itself a powerful immunogen and is able to elicit T-cell as well as serum and mucosal B-cell responses (reviewed by Couch [22]) and has minimal immunologic similarity to HIV (data not shown). Chimeric viruses displaying optimal epitopes should be able to serve as valuable components in an effective vaccine cocktail or as part of a heterologous prime/boost protocol. We have shown previously that HRV chimeric viruses displaying HIV-1 gp120 V3 loop sequences are able to elicit neutralizing responses against HIV-1 (75, 82, 83).In this study, we focused our attention on presenting part of the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the transmembrane glycoprotein gp41, a region of approximately 30 amino acids adjacent to the transmembrane domain (reviewed in references 59 and 97). The MPER plays an important role in the process of HIV fusion to the host cell membrane (60, 78). This region is also involved in binding to galactosylceramide, an important component of cell membranes, thus permitting CD4-independent transcytosis of the virus across epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces (1, 2). These functions likely explain this region''s sequence conservation and the efficacy of antibodies directed against the MPER (97), particularly given that an estimated 80% of HIV-1 infections are sexually transmitted at mucosal membranes. In fact, potent responses against the MPER are associated with stronger and broader neutralizing capabilities in infected individuals (68). A conserved, contiguous sequence of the MPER, the ELDKWA epitope (HIV-1 HxB2 gp41 residues 662 to 668), is recognized by the particularly broadly neutralizing human MAb 2F5 (11, 62, 85) and is highly resistant to escape mutation in the presence of 2F5 (49). 2F5 was also used in the MAb cocktails reported to confer passive, protective immunity in macaques (5, 51). In addition, infected individuals producing neutralizing antibodies directed against the ELDKWA epitope have been seen to exhibit better health (16, 29), including persistent seronegativity (8), and reduced transmission of HIV to offspring (89). While none of the vaccine-induced immune responses generated against this region has been effective thus far (19, 24, 26, 33, 35, 38, 40, 42, 44-48, 50, 53, 54, 56, 57, 61, 63, 69, 93, 96) (see Table S1 in the supplemental material), more appropriate presentations of MPER epitopes should produce valuable immunogens that can contribute to a successful vaccine.In this study, we have grafted the ELDKWA epitope onto a surface loop of HRV connected via linkers of variable lengths and sequences and selected for viruses well recognized and neutralized by MAb 2F5. In so doing, we have been able to create immunogens capable of eliciting antibodies whose activities mimic some of those of 2F5. The combinatorial libraries produced were designed to encode a large set of possible sequences and, hence, structures from which we could search for valuable conformations. This work illustrates that HRV chimeras have the potential to present selected HIV epitopes in a focused and immunogenic manner.     

Morphogenesis of Pistillate Flowers of Cercidiphyllum japonicum(Cercidiphyllaceae)

Floral morphogenesis and the development of Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb.et Zucc.were observed by scanning electronmicroscopy(SEM).The results showed that the pistillate inflorescences were congested spikes with the flowers arrangedopposite.Great differences between the so-called"bract"and the vegetative leaf were observed both in morphogenesis andmorphology.In morphogenesis,the"bract"primordium is crescent-shaped,truncated at the apex and not conduplicate,has no stipule primordium at the base but does have some inconspicuous teeth in the margin that are not glandular.Theleaf primordium is triangular,cycloidal at the apex,conduplicate,has two stipule primordia at the base,has one gland-toothat the apex occurring at first and some gland-teeth in the margin that occur later.In morphology,the"bract"is also differentto the vegetative leaf in some characteristics that were also illustrated in the present paper.Based on the hypothesis thatthe bract is more similar to the vegetative leaf than the tepal,we considered that the so-called"bract"of C.japonicum mightbe the tepal of the pistillate flower in morphological nature.Therefore,each pistillate flower contains a tepal and a carpel.We did not find any trace of other floral organs in the morphogenesis of the pistillate flower.Therefore we consideredthat the unicarpellate status of extant Cercidiphyllum might be to highly reduce and advance characteristics that make theextant Cercidiphyllum isolated from both fossil Cercidiphyllum-like plants and its extant affinities.