An analysis of the accumulation of water and dry matter in tomato fruit

Abstract Previously published data from tomato plants grown in nutrient solutions having one of three electrical conductivities (2, 12 and 17 mS cm^?1) were analysed. The rate of water import into the fruit, and the proportion of this conducted by the xylem stream were calculated from the daily rates of transpiration and the net accumulation of water and calcium. The rate of water import decreased as the conductivity of the nutrient solution rose, the maximum daily import rates in the third week after pollination being 3.2, 3.0 and 1.8 g fruit^?1 d^?1 for fruit grown at 2, 12 and 17 mS cm^?1, respectively. During fruit development, the proportion of water imported via the xylem fell from 8–15% to 1–2% at maturity. The principal source of water for tomato fruit growth was phloem sap. Based on the daily rates of net dry matter accumulation, respiration and phloem water import, the calculated dry matter concentration of the phloem sap declined from 7 to 3%, or from 12.5 to 7.8% during fruit development in low or high salinity, respectively. The similar dry matter accumulation of fruit grown at different salinities was due to changes in both volume and concentration of phloem sap. Potassium salts in tomato fruit were calculated lo have contributed –0.29, –0.48 and –0.58 MPa to total fruit osmotic potential in the 2, 12 and 17 mS cm^?1 treatments, respectively, which accounted for 38% or 49% of the measured total osmotic potential of the 2 mS cm^?1 or 17 mS cm^?1 treatments. The contribution of hexoses to total fruit osmotic potential in the young fruit was from about –0.1 to –0.2 MPa at all salinities. The osmotic potential of tomato fruit is regulated more by potassium salts than by hexoses.     

心房钠尿因子对颈动脉窦压力感受器反射的易化作用

在麻醉大鼠观察了心房肽Ⅲ(AtriopeptinⅡ,APⅡ)对颈动脉窦压力感受器活动的影响,并在麻醉家兔观察了APⅡ作用于颈动脉窦区时窦神经传入放电的改变。结果如下:(1)用APⅡ(1μg/ml)隔离灌流大鼠左侧颈动脉窦区(n=10),压力感受器反射的阈压(TP)无明显改变,平衡压(EP)由101±2.8降至95±2.0 mmHg(P<0.05),饱和压(SP)由202±5.2降至168±6.1 mmHg(P<0.001),而工作范围(OR)由128±5.5减至93±6.3mmHg(P<0.001),压力感受器机能曲线向左下方移位,曲线最大斜率(PS)由0.77±0.04增大为1.07±0.13mmHg·mmHg~(-1)(P<0.05);(2)在用硝普钠(NP,0.5μg/ml)灌流的动物(n=6),TP和 EP 无改变,SP 由188±6.4升至218±6.0 mmHg(P<0.01),OR 由107±6.9增至132±7.6 mmHg(P<0.05),硝普钠对压力感受器机能曲线及其 PS 无显著影响;(3)恒压隔离灌流兔颈动脉窦区时,窦神经传入放电具有良好的稳定性,升高窦内压(ISP)时,窦神经传入放电也随之增多。用 APⅡ(1μg/ml)恒压灌流时,窦神经传入放电增加20.9±3.9%(n=6,P<0.01),冲洗掉 APⅡ后,窦神经传入放电恢复至对照水平。以上结果显示,APⅢ可使大鼠颈动脉窦压力感受器机能曲线向左下方移位,曲线最大斜率增大以及兔窦神经传入放电增加,表明 APⅡ对颈动脉窦压力感受器活动有易化作用。这     

牵拉左心房和夹闭颈总动脉对猫下丘脑前部和后部单位放电的影响

在40只氯醛糖和乌拉坦麻醉的猫,观察了牵拉左心房肺静脉入口处(atrial stretch,AS)和关闭一侧颈总动脉(carotid occlusion,CO)对下丘脑前部(AH)和下丘脑后部(PH)单位放电的影响。共记录了185个自发放电单位。对 AS 有反应的 AH 和 PH 单位分别为46.3%和23.3%,其中均以出现抑制反应者居多。有少数单位仅在 AS 开始和停止时出现短暂的兴奋反应。在上述185个神经元中观察了85个对 AS 和 CO 两种刺激的反应,有15个(17.6%)对两种刺激均反应,其中被 AS 所抑制而为 CO 所兴奋的有11个,占73.3%(11/15)。这些结果表明:(1)AS 可对 AH 神经元活动起抑制作用;(2)AS 也可影响 PH 神经元活动;(3)动脉压力感受性和心房容量感受性刺激可会聚于同一下丘脑神经元。     

腺苷对家兔颈动脉体化学感受器活动的影响

在39只乌拉坦麻醉家兔,记录了腺苷作用于颈动脉体时窦神经化学感受性传入单位的放电活动。全部实验中共记录了73个有自发放电的化学感受性单位。所得结果如下:(1)颈动脉内注射腺苷(10ug/kg)时,在55个单位中有51个的放电频率由0.76±0.10增加到1.53±0.23 imp/s(P<0.001),部分实验中有新的单位被激活。(2)在隔离的颈动脉窦灌流液中加入腺苷(0.5,1.0、5.0、10、50和100μg/kg)时,9个单位的放电频率由0.51±0.06分别增加到0.58±0.07、0.78±0.13、0.96±0.15、1.11±0.017、1.34±0.21和1.38±0.18imp/s,有明显的剂量依赖性(P<0.001).(3)9个自发放电频率为1.30±0.40 imp/s 的单位,在颈动脉内注射多巴胺(50μg/kg)后,其放电频率减慢至0.56±0.19imp/s(P<0.001)。在多巴胺作用的基础上再注射腺苷。可使放电频率增加到1.07±0.28imp/s,但与注射多巴胺前的腺苷效应相比,此增值明显减小(P<0.001)。根据以上结果,我们推测腺苷对颈动脉体化学感受器的兴奋作用,可能与其作用于感受器复合体的突触前膜,从而使颈动脉体内抑制性递质多巴胺释放减少,以及腺苷直接兴奋化学感受性神经末梢有关。     

Retention of Antigen Specificity of Murine Sarcoma Viruses grown in Hamster Cells <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis>

TUMOURS can be induced in hamsters by the various strains of murine sarcoma virus (MSV)^1–6. Tumours differ, however, in the antigens which are expressed. Whereas the cell line HT-1, derived from early passages of a hamster tumour induced by the Moloney strain of MSV (M-MSV), contains no trace of infectious virus or virion antigen^2,7, tumours induced by the Harvey (H), Kirsten (Ki) and later passages of the M-MSV-(GLV) viruses have yielded sarcoma viruses with a hamster-specific host range^3–6,8 which do not share envelope^4–6,9 or group specific¹⁰ antigens with murine viruses. The HT-1 cell does retain the MSV genome which can be rescued by murine leukaemia viruses². Such rescued viruses are termed pseudo-types and contain the envelope and group-specific antigens of the rescuing virus. The virus preparation from tumours induced by M-MSV(GLV) differed from the other hamster-specific viruses in that a non-sarcomagenic C-type virus could be isolated from cultures infected beyond the cell transformation end point⁶. This virus was also hamster-specific in host range and antigenic properties and specifically interfered with cell transformation by the various hamster-specific virus strains⁹. This virus also shared an ether-stable virion-antigen with a C-type virus found in a lymphoma which occurred spontaneously in a hamster¹⁰. This shared antigen seems to be the principal structural polypeptide of hamster C-type viruses and is structurally similar but antigenically distinct from its mouse homologue (unpublished work of S. O., C. Foreman, G. K. and R. V. G.). These findings led us to propose that the hamster-specific non-sarcomagenic C-type virus was a hamster leukaemia virus (in the generic but not necessarily the pathological sense) and the virus is therefore designated HaLV^9,10. The hamster-specific sarcoma viruses are considered to be pseudotypes of MSV rescued in vivo by HaLV and are abbreviated accordingly; for example, M-MSV(HaLV) represents the hamster-specific sarcoma virus rescued from M-MSV induced tumours. This is plausible because HaLV is able to rescue the MSV genome from HT-1 cells⁶. (This change in the nomenclature has been made in order to reflect the antigenic composition of the hamster-specific virus more accurately. In addition, to indicate the virus rescued from M-MSV(GLV)-induced hamster tumours, a terminal G is added after the parentheses. This has been done only to distinguish it from the virus obtained from M-MSV induced hamster tumours, for there is no evidence of residual activity from GLV.)     

Carbon Translocation in the Tomato: Pathways of Carbon Metabolism in the Fruit-

The rate of carbon import by tomato fruits has been relatedto their carbon metabolism by examining the effects of fruittemperature on the metabolism of imported assimilates. ¹⁴C–sucrose,–glucose, –fructose, –malic acid and –citricacid were injected individually into young growing tomato fruitswhich were subsequently maintained at 25 or 5 °C for 48h. Fruit temperature greatly affected the proportions of ¹⁴Clost from the fruits by export and respiration. Only 40 percent of the injected ¹⁴C from ¹⁴C–sugars and 20 per centfrom ¹⁴C–acids was recovered from fruits at 25 °C.Less than 10 per cent of the injected ¹⁴C was exported, thebalance being respired. In contrast, more than 50 per cent ofthe injected ¹⁴C was recovered from cooled fruits, in whichthe import rate of carbon was presumably reduced, and 20–36per cent of injected ¹⁴C was exported. Cooling enhanced thesynthesis of ¹⁴C–sucrose from injected ¹⁴C–hexosesand inhibited the incorporation of ¹⁴C into starch and insolubleresidue. When ¹⁴C–sugars were injected, radioactivityexported from the cooled fruits was detected as sucrose in thephloem of the peduncles; radioactivity was also detected instems and roots when fruits were cooled. In almost fully–grownfruits injected ¹⁴C–compounds were metabolized less readilythan in smaller fruits. Conversion of ¹⁴C–hexoses to ¹⁴C–sucrosewas again enhanced by cooling (5 °C, but was less in fruitsmaintained at 35 °C than in controls. Lycopersicon esculentum, tomato, fruit, translocation, carbon metabolism     

家蚕人工饲料的研究:饲料理化因素对家蚕摄食和生长的影响

本文研究了人工饲料某些理化因素对蚕儿摄食和生长的影响,从而阐明家蚕生长发育过程中在摄食行为和营养上的特点和变化。 1.试验表明:绿原酸、桑色素、肌醇可增进蚁蚕摄食:β-谷固醇、没食子酸对保证小蚕正常发育甚为重要,绿原酸、桑色素、肌醇也有良好影响;相比之下,上述一些因子对5龄大蚕的作用较小。此外未看到β-谷固醇对蚁蚕的摄食促进效果。 2.大豆粉的醚溶性成份中,含有影响蚁蚕摄食的忌避物质。大豆粉经90%甲醇处理,可以除去某种水溶性因子,有利小蚕生长;对比之下,上列因素对大蚕的损害较小。比较了二种常见防腐剂对家蚕摄食、成长的影响:山梨酸的饲蚕成绩优于丙酸。 3.在本试验基本组成条件下,收蚁、小蚕、大蚕所用饲料的含水率分别以77%、73%、71%左右为宜。实验说明,蚕儿饲育效果还受饲料中具有成形作用组份的影响。 4.调查了饲料pH和蚕儿摄食、成长的关系:以某些适宜的有机酸(如柠檬酸、抗坏血酸)调节饲料的pH在5左右为好。 5.由于不同发育阶段的蚕儿对摄食、成长促进因子的感受性和对忌避因素的耐受性均不相同,从而提出,对蚕儿作全龄饲育,至少应分别设计为收蚁用、1—4龄小蚕用、5龄大蚕用三种饲料。此外,不同品种家蚕对人工饲料适应性的差别,与对饲料理化条件需求的不同也有一定联系。灵活运用上述结果,将有助于改良饲料组成,降低成本和广辟原料来源。     

Glucocerebrosidase: stoichiometry of association between effector and catalytic proteins.

1. The effector and catalytic proteins of glucocerebrosidase associated in the presence of acidic phospholipid to give active enzyme. 2. At optimum concentrations of acidic phospholipid (about 0.15 mM), the association reached equilibrium instantaneously. 3. From the experimental data, a tentative model of the association was deduced. This involved a two-step complex formation. When the effector concentration was limiting, a simple binary complex was formed between one molecule each of effector and catalytic proteins; the reaction proceeded rapidly to completion. When the effector was in excess, a ternary complex was formed by the addition of another molecule of effector; this reaction did not go to completion and was characterised by a finite equilibrium constant. 4. The experimental data were curve fitted to an equation derived from the model