全文获取类型
收费全文 | 130篇 |
免费 | 8篇 |
出版年
2018年 | 2篇 |
2017年 | 2篇 |
2016年 | 2篇 |
2015年 | 3篇 |
2013年 | 4篇 |
2012年 | 7篇 |
2011年 | 5篇 |
2010年 | 6篇 |
2009年 | 6篇 |
2008年 | 2篇 |
2007年 | 6篇 |
2006年 | 2篇 |
2005年 | 2篇 |
2002年 | 2篇 |
2000年 | 2篇 |
1999年 | 2篇 |
1998年 | 9篇 |
1997年 | 2篇 |
1995年 | 3篇 |
1994年 | 4篇 |
1993年 | 2篇 |
1992年 | 1篇 |
1988年 | 1篇 |
1987年 | 2篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 3篇 |
1984年 | 1篇 |
1982年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
1973年 | 1篇 |
1972年 | 4篇 |
1971年 | 2篇 |
1969年 | 1篇 |
1968年 | 2篇 |
1958年 | 2篇 |
1957年 | 3篇 |
1956年 | 6篇 |
1955年 | 1篇 |
1954年 | 1篇 |
1952年 | 1篇 |
1951年 | 2篇 |
1950年 | 6篇 |
1949年 | 2篇 |
1948年 | 2篇 |
1947年 | 1篇 |
1933年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有138条查询结果,搜索用时 905 毫秒
31.
Substitution bias, rapid saturation, and the use of mtDNA for nematode systematics 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
Only relatively recently have researchers turned to molecular methods for
nematode phylogeny reconstruction. Thus, we lack the extensive literature
on evolutionary patterns and phylogenetic usefulness of different DNA
regions for nematodes that exists for other taxa. Here, we examine the
usefulness of mtDNA for nematode phylogeny reconstruction and provide data
that can be used for a priori character weighting or for parameter
specification in models of sequence evolution. We estimated the
substitution pattern for the mitochondrial ND4 gene from intraspecific
comparisons in four species of parasitic nematodes from the family
Trichostrongylidae (38-50 sequences per species). The resulting pattern
suggests a strong mutational bias toward A and T, and a lower
transition/transversion ratio than is typically observed in other taxa. We
also present information on the relative rates of substitution at first,
second, and third codon positions and on relative rates of saturation of
different types of substitutions in comparisons ranging from intraspecific
to interordinal. Silent sites saturate extremely quickly, presumably owing
to the substitution bias and, perhaps, to an accelerated mutation rate.
Results emphasize the importance of using only the most closely related
sequences in order to infer patterns of substitution accurately for
nematodes or for other taxa having strongly composition-biased DNA. ND4
also shows high amino acid polymorphism at both the intra- and
interspecific levels, and in higher level comparisons, there is evidence of
saturation at variable amino acid sites. In general, we recommend using
mtDNA coding genes only for phylogenetics of relatively closely related
nematode species and, even then, using only nonsynonymous substitutions and
the more conserved mitochondrial genes (e.g., cytochrome oxidases). On the
other hand, the high substitution rate in genes such as ND4 should make
them excellent for population genetics studies, identifying cryptic
species, and resolving relationships among closely related congeners when
other markers show insufficient variation.
相似文献
32.
Phylogeny of the Drosophila saltans species group based on combined analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Nucleotide sequences from two nuclear loci, alcohol dehydrogenase and
internal transcribed spacer-1 of the nuclear ribosomal DNA repeats, and two
mitochondrial genes, cytochrome oxidase I and cytochrome oxidase II, were
determined from nine species in the Drosophila saltans species group. The
partition homogeneity test and partitioned Bremer support were used to
measure incongruence between phylogenetic hypotheses generated from
individual partitions. Individual loci were generally congruent with each
other and consistent with the previously proposed morphological hypothesis,
although they differed in level of resolution. Since extreme conflict
between partitions did not exist, the data were combined and analyzed
simultaneously. The total evidence method gave a more resolved and highly
supported phylogeny, as indicated by bootstrap proportions and decay
indices, than did any of the individual analyses. The cordata and elliptica
subgroups, considered to have diverged early in the history of the D.
saltans group, were sister taxa to the remainder of the saltans group. The
sturtevanti subgroup, represented by D. milleri and D. sturtevanti,
occupies an intermediate position in this phylogeny. The saltans and
parasaltans subgroups are sister clades and occupy the most recently
derived portion of the phylogeny. As with previous morphological studies,
phylogenetic relationships within the saltans subgroup were not
satisfactorily resolved by the molecular data.
相似文献
33.
Nucleotide sequence comparisons were used to investigate the evolution of P
transposable elements and the possibility that horizontal transfer has
played a role in their occurrence in natural populations of Drosophila and
other Diptera. The phylogeny of P elements was examined using published
sequences from eight dipteran taxa and a new, partial sequence from
Scaptomyza elmoi. The results from a number of different analyses are
highly consistent and reveal a P-element phylogeny that contradicts the
phylogeny of the species. At least three instances of horizontal transfer
are necessary to explain this incongruence, but other explanations cannot
be ruled out at this time.
相似文献
34.
Cell walls of tips and bases of laminae of flag leaves from 11 cultivars of winter wheat of varying susceptibility to Puccinia striiforntis yellow rust) were compared by examining their phenolic components released by treatment with a commercial cellulase. Isolated cell walls of both susceptible and resistant cultivars released water-soluble carbohydrate esters of phenolic acids, the major acid detected being trans-ferulic. There was no relationship between the amount of phenolic esters released by cellulase and susceptibility to yellow rust. The leaf lamina tips, which were much more susceptible to yellow rust than the corresponding bases, had lower cell wall contents than the bases and their walls were more degradable by cellulase. Examination of transverse sections of leaf laminae of cv. Little Joss showed that cells whose walls contained phenolic groups that gave a red colour reaction with p-nitrobenzene diazonium tetrafluoroborate, occupied a larger area of leaf lamina bases than of the tips. A greater percentage of the abaxial epidermal cells of the bases, compared with the tips, had walls that gave this red colour reaction. We suggest that the presence of phenolic groups in these walls may be related to the greater resistance of the bases to P. striiforntis. 相似文献
35.
36.
This cycle differs from the known situation in rural Bat Hawks which lay annually mainly during September and October. These probably take advantage of easily-caught pregnant female bats in September/October in order to attain breeding condition, whereas fledgling Bat Hawks take advantage of recently independent but naive juvenile bats in January/February. The relative dearth of bats in rural areas outside this period may account for the regular annual breeding of Bat Hawks at the time of greatest prey availability. 相似文献
37.
38.
39.
An in vitro system to measure the adhesion of bacteria to human, eukaryotic cells was devised. Adhesion indices for test strains of bacteria could be calculated. Significant differences were then observed between various strains of Escherichia coli from a variety of sources, in their ability to adhere. The possible applications of the test, especially for the routine screening of bacteria for adhesion and for inhibitors of attachment, were considered. 相似文献
40.
Y Deng J Zhao D Sakurai KM Kaufman JC Edberg RP Kimberly DL Kamen GS Gilkeson CO Jacob RH Scofield CD Langefeld JA Kelly ME Alarcón-Riquelme BIOLUPUS GENLES Networks JB Harley TJ Vyse BI Freedman PM Gaffney KM Sivils JA James TB Niewold RM Cantor W Chen BH Hahn EE Brown PROFILE BP Tsao 《Arthritis research & therapy》2012,14(Z3):A5