An Attempt to Account for the Diversity of Crustacean Muscles

Crustacean muscles are known to contain muscle fibers of variableproperties and to be innervated by phasic and/or tonic motoneuronswhich may possess synapses of diverse physiological properties.Frequently, phasic motor axons innervate short-sarcomere phasicmuscle fibers and tonic motor axons innervate long-sarcomeretonic muscle fibers, but some muscles receiving a single (tonic)motor axon contain both phasic and tonic muscle fibers. Althoughit is not known whether neural trophic influences are involvedin muscle differentiation, some neural trophic effects havebeen found in crustaceans, and it is reasonable to assume thatsuch influences may be involved in establishing the definitiveproperties of the muscle. Several other postulates must be made:(1) Phasic and tonic motor axons differ in their trophic effectiveness:(2) muscle fibers innervated relatively early in developmentby a tonic motor axon acquire the properties of tonic musclefibers, while those innervated later become intermediate orphasic muscle fibers; (3) the developmental stage of a growingor regenerating axon terminal plays a role in determinationof synaptic properties. Studies on regenerating limb buds supportthe hypothesis, which can account for the genesis of all observedtypes of crustacean neuromuscular system. Further experimentalwork is necessary to test the hypothesis.     

Kinship and Alliance in South India and Australia

Dravidien et Kariera: l'alliance de marriage dans l'Inde du Sud, et en Australie. Louis Dumont . Textes de sciences sociales 14. Paris & The Hague: Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales and Mouton, 1975. 148 pp. 38 F (paper).
The Adnjamathanha Personal Pronoun and the "Wailpi Kinship System." R. Schebeck . Perception of Kinship Structure Reflected in the Adnjamathanha Pronouns. Luise A. Hercus and Isobel M. White . Papers in Australian Linguistics No. 6, Pacific Linguistics, Series A, No. 36. Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, 1973. 74 pp. n.p.
Texts on The Social System of the Adnjamathanha People With Grammatical Notes. B. Schebeck . Pacific Linguistics, Series D, No. 21. Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, 1974. xviii + 278 pp. n.p.     

THE COMPETITION BETWEEN BARLEY AND CERTAIN WEEDS UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS

One of the commonest agricultural practices in Britain is the undersowing of barley and other corn crops with clover as a preparation for a clover ley after the corn crop has been reaped. The effect of the clover growing among the corn, where manuring (especially with nitrogen) is made as favourable as possible for the corn crop, is not clear. If nitrogen is deficient, it is well known that clover can furnish nitrogen for the corn, but where the supply is ample, the clover may act as a competitive crop.
When barley and clover were planted together, with abundance of water and nutrients for both, it was found that the presence of even a small number of barley plants reduced the growth of the clover by over 50%, but that an increase in the density of the barley did not increase the effect. The presence of the clover reduced the barley crop by an amount which tended to get less as the density of the barley was increased. In a sparse crop of barley, increase in clover density reduced the growth of barley very little, while that of the clover was again found to be little more than half what was obtained when this plant was grown alone.
There is no evidence of any specific effect of the roots of the one plant on the other. In the circumstances of these experiments it would seem that, far from the clover supplying nitrogen to the barley, it tends to steal some of that which would otherwise be available to the latter, when they are grown together.     

Pathways of Utilization of [1-14C] Glucose and [6-14C] Glucose in Slices of Peas

Slices of ripening seeds of the pea (Pisum sativum) were suppliedwith [1-¹⁴C] G and [6-¹⁴C] G, and the S.A. was determined ofthe respirod carbon dioxide, pyruvate, and the acids of theT.C.A.C. as well as that of the individual carbon atoms of citrateand malate. The possibility that there exist active and inactive pools ofthe T.C.A.C. acids in the pea is considered and, for most ofthe acids, rejected. The results cannot be explained on the bais of the T.C.A.C.because the S.A. of the carbon dioxide liberated was some tentimes higher than could have come from the malate via the T.C.A.C.,too much ¹⁴C accumulated in the cycle acids to have come frompyruvate by the operation of the T.C.A.C., and the patterrnof label in citrate and malate was different from that expected. An alternative explanation is put forward based on the oxidationof glucose by the P.P.P. and movement of ¹⁴C by a series ofrapid isotope exchange reactions.     

Human Behavioral Organization in the Middle Paleolithic: Were Neanderthals Different?

Interwoven with the debate regarding the biologic replacement of Neanderthals by modern humans is the question of the degree to which Neanderthals and modern foragers differed behaviorally. We consider this question through a detailed spatial analysis of artifacts and related evidence from stratified living floors within a 49–69 k.y.a. rock shelter site, Tor Faraj, in southern Jordan. The study involves a critical evaluation of living floors, the identification of site structure, and the decoding of the site structure in an effort to understand how the inhabitants of the shelter organized their behaviors. The site structure of Tor Faraj is also compared to occupations of modern foragers in ethnographic and archaeological contexts. When the information from the excavation of Tor Faraj is considered with evidence from other late Middle Paleolithic sites, there seems to be little basis for the claims that constraints in the behavioral organization of Neanderthals led to their replacement by modern foragers.     

Identity and Development: Tongan Culture, Agriculture, and the Perenniality of the Gift

Identity and Development: Tongan Culture, Agriculture, and the Perenniality of the Gift . Paul van der Grijp. Leiden: KITLV Press, 2004. 227 pp.