Systematic revision of the arboreal snail Satsuma albida species complex (Mollusca: Camaenidae) with descriptions of 14 new species from Taiwan

The taxonomy of the endemic arboreal snail Satsuma albida species complex from Taiwan was unclear due to the animals' highly similar morphology, and their nocturnal and strict arboreal behaviour, leading to difficulties in collecting living specimens. This article is the first comprehensive comparative study on the systematics and taxonomy of this species complex using external morphology, anatomy of the reproductive system and molecular phylogeny. Consequently, two subspecies of S. albida are raised to species status, namely S. insignis and S. mollicula. Fourteen new species are also described. Fourteen of the 17 species showed polymorphism in banding pattern amongst populations and other species retained the whitish unity as seen in S. albida. Distributions of almost all taxa are geographically limited, with the exception of S. polymorpha sp. nov . The phylogeny of these species was reconstructed using 20 morphological characters and molecular data from the partial sequences of mtDNA CO1 and 16S rRNA genes, and the complete ITS2 sequence. The molecular phylogeny revealed three subclades (west, east and polymorpha clade) and revealed that these snails are monophyletic, originating from a ground‐dwelling ancestor. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 154 , 437–493.     

垂枝斑叶兰，中国大陆兰科植物新记录

垂枝斑叶兰（Goodyera pendula Maxim．）,先前只报道于日本和中国台湾,在大陆首次发现。该种的显著特点：植株在树干上附生,花序下垂后再上升,呈“L”型,花序密被腺毛,花朵密集,生于一侧,不完全开张。凭证标本保存在中国科学院华南植物园标本馆（IBSC）。     

家蚕精母细胞内基体和鞭毛的电镜观察

中心粒是小的圆柱状微管细胞器。它的最重要特征是具有九组三联体微管系统(DuPraw,1970;Phillip,1970;woIfe,1972)。中心粒几乎发生在所有的动物细胞内;在具有鞭毛或纤毛的细胞内,中心粒发育成基体,再从基体的远心端生长出鞭毛或纤毛来。在动物精子发生和形成过程中,也存在着从中心粒到基体,再由基体产生精子尾部的过程。     

The Importance of Roots in Regulating the Senescence of Soybean Primary Leaves

The role of roots in regulating primary leaf senescence of 14-day-old soybean seedlings was investigated. Compared with intact seedlings, the senescence of primary leaves is accelerated by removal of the root system but delayed if apical bud and the first trifoliate leaf are removed. No difference in senescence was found between intact seedlings and seedlings without roots, apical bud, and first trifoliate leaf. Lateral roots seem to play a predominant role in regulating primary leaf senescence. However, neither root nodules nor primary root play any function in senescence. Results indicate that benzyladenine (BA) at optimal concentration (2 mg/1) completely replaces the roots to prevent the senescence of primary leaves, whereas gibberellic acid (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) accelerate. The effect of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to replace roots in preventing senescence depends on the season the young seedlings are grown. Additional, though indirect, information of acropetal transport of ABA is provided. In conclusion, it seems that cytokinins in lateral roots play a predominant role in leaf senescence and the normal supply of root cytokinins is important in leaf metabolism.     

粘虫Leucania separata Walker的发育和成活与环境湿度的关系——Ⅱ.前蛹和蛹

本项工作系研究粘虫水分生态问题的第二部分。本文报导了25℃及32℃中,环境湿度对粘虫化蛹以及蛹的成活、发育、失重、失水的影响,结果表明:随着相对湿度的提高,前蛹的正常化蛹率和蛹的成活率增加,而畸形蛹率和前蛹干死率则下降。蛹的失重百分率和失水百分率均与相对湿度呈负相关,其致死失重百分率为28-30%,致死失水百分率为24-27%。低湿导致蛹体死亡的原因是水分的过多丧失。在蛹的整个发育过程中,蛹体失重的变化趋势,在各种湿度中表现是一致的,即第一天的失重量最大,第四天最少,此后又略有上升。不同发育期的蛹对低湿的抵抗力不同,初蛹期抗低湿能力较弱。另一方面,在较高的温度中,低湿对蛹的影响表现得更为明显。     

Effects of turgor potentials of epidermal cells neighbouring guard cells on stomatal opening in detached leaf epidermis and intact leaflets of Vicia faba L. (faba bean)

Leaflets of Vicia faba L. (faba bean) were used to determine whether the mechanical forces resulting from the turgor potentials (Φ_p) of the larger epidermal cells neighbouring guard cells play a significant role in regulating stomatal aperture. When Φ_p, of epidermis and Φ_p of bulk leaflet tissue were compared at midday, Φ_p of epidermis were only 15–25% those of bulk leaflet tissue at all but the most negative leaflet water potentials (Φ). When plants were bagged to increase Φ by reducing vapour pressure differences between leaflets and air, Φ_p of bulk leaflet tissue increased to predawn values, but Φ_p, of epidermis increased to only = 20% of predawn values and stomata opened to their widest apertures. Stomatal apertures were positively correlated with Φ_p of bulk leaflet tissue but they were not correlated with Φ_p of epidermis. Reductions in epidermal Φ_p, began predawn, before stomata were open, and reached minimum values at midday, when stomata were open. We conclude that, in Vicia faba, (1) reduction of Φ_p of epidermal cells begins predawn, reducing the counterforce to stomatal opening that would exist if full epidermal turgor were maintained throughout the day, and (2) changes in Φ_p, of leaf epidermal cells do not play a significant role in regulating stomatal aperture.     

几种新有机杀虫药剂在防治棉蚜上的毒效比较

棉蚜的药剂防治,自从用六六六及E605替代了棉油皂及棉油乳剂之后,已经可以说基本上获得了解决。这两种药剂对棉蚜的毒性都极高;在适当的剂量及喷洒时,可以得到极好的防治效果。主要的关键,在施用这两种药剂时的适当时期和次数。由於这两种药的残效时间都比较短,因此,过了一定时期后,就必须再行喷洒。不能适期的防治,常会增加喷洒的次数;若能掌握虫情,在害虫发生关键时期加以防治,就可以在全年中只喷洒3次,害虫基本上可被抑制。     

地下害虫防治研究Ⅱ.666毒谷兼治地下害虫的研究

地下害虫为害各种农作物,造成缺苗断垅,严重影响作物产量。有许多地区,几类的地下害虫如蛴螬、金针虫、蝼蛄同时发生,因此要求一种有效的兼治办法极为群众所热望,自1950年作者研究出应用666粉制成毒谷,用以防治以蝼蛄,获得了很大效果,在各地实践应用当中发现666毒谷对于金针虫、蛴螬具有良好的兼治作用。过去国外     

Microstructure of the adhesive pad in the millipede Orthomorphella pekuensis (Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae)

Secondary sexual structures in millipedes have evolved to improve the efficiency with which spermatophores are transferred from males to females. Here, we demonstrate the microstructural characteristics of the sexual dimorphism in the leg adhesive pads of the millipede Orthomorphella pekuensis, using field emission scanning electron microscopy. The adult male of this millipede has developed typical adhesive pads on the legs as a secondary sexual character: these help the male hold on to the female during mating. The adhesive pads are located on the ventral surface of the tarsus in the form of numerous filamentous bristles with horizontal striation. There are approximately 300 bristles, each with an average length of approximately 60 µm, on each tarsus. Each bristle has a round socket on the surface of the tarsus and an acuminate tip. The striation appears only on the distal half of each bristle, typically.