典型黑土区农田土壤线虫群落的纬度分布格局及其驱动机制

东北黑土区是保障我国粮食安全的重要土壤资源, 了解该区域内农田土壤线虫的群落组成及其对环境驱动因子的响应机制, 对于研究黑土区农田土壤生态系统的生物多样性分布格局具有重要意义。2018年9月, 我们在42°50°‒49°08° N的典型黑土区采集了93个农田土壤样品, 利用形态学鉴定技术分析了土壤线虫群落的组成与结构。共鉴定出47个线虫属(相对丰度 > 1%), 其中食细菌线虫中的拟丽突属(Acrobeloides)是典型黑土区农田土壤中的优势属(相对丰度 > 5%)。土壤线虫总丰富度和总多度均随纬度增加而显著增加, 然而类似的变化趋势只出现在食细菌和杂食/捕食线虫中。土壤有机碳是影响土壤线虫丰富度和多度最为重要的环境因子, 其次是月平均温度。典型黑土区农田土壤线虫群落结构以47° N为分界线分为南部和北部两类, 主要归因于线虫群落中植物寄生和杂食/捕食线虫的相对多度在南、北特征属中存在差异。土壤pH值和容重分别是影响南部与北部黑土区线虫群落最重要的环境因子。本研究明确了典型黑土区农田土壤线虫群落的纬度分布格局及其与环境因素的关系, 可为揭示农业活动干扰下土壤生物对环境因子的响应机制提供基础数据和理论参考。     

东亚-澳大利西亚候鸟迁飞区中杓鹬 的迁徙追踪

追踪候鸟的迁徙活动是全面认识其生活史年周期的重要途径。中杓鹬(Numeniusphaeopus)在全球广泛分布,但在东亚-澳大利西亚候鸟迁飞区的迁徙活动一直缺乏追踪研究。2018年2月,在澳大利亚西北部的布鲁姆为捕捉到的中杓鹬成鸟佩戴平台发射终端或全球定位系统-全球移动通讯系统追踪器,以确定其迁徙日程、迁徙路线以及迁徙停歇地和繁殖地的地理位置。我们从成功追踪的7只个体获取了6 378条精度高于1 km的位点数据。分析结果表明,在春季,中杓鹬的迁徙时长为(36±4)d,其间在1～3个迁徙停歇地的停留日期为(23±2)d,从越冬地到繁殖地的迁徙距离为(9 795±346)km(n=7)。追踪的中杓鹬在俄罗斯东部和中部区域繁殖,不同个体的繁殖地纬度相近而经度范围较广。在秋季,中杓鹬的迁徙时长为(90±27)d,相比春季迁徙时长更长;其间,在2～4个迁徙停歇地停留(79±29)d,从繁殖地到越冬地的迁徙距离为(10 101±520)km(n=5)。无论在春季还是秋季迁徙,迁徙停歇地广泛分布于东亚、东南亚沿海及内陆区域。大部分个体春季和秋季的迁徙路线相近,成功追踪的个体均在秋季返回了上一年的越冬地,这表明中杓鹬对越冬地具有很高的忠诚度。     

一种用于PCR的番茄DNA快速粗提方法

在对植物进行分子生物学研究时需要提取植物基因组DNA并对其进行PCR克隆,目前实验室常用CTAB法提取植物DNA,但其步骤相对繁琐,需要用有机溶剂反复抽提,在样本较多时,耗时较长。NaOH可以提取多种物种DNA,本研究优化了实验室条件下更加快速、经济、安全、高效的提取植物DNA的方式,主要包括以下步骤：利用液氮快速粉碎植物样品;采用碱裂解(0.5 mol/L NaOH)的方式一步提取DNA;提取的DNA利用TE缓冲液进行中和;以中和的粗提DNA作为模板进行PCR反应。本研究利用简单的DNA提取流程并结合PCR检测方式,完成了番茄转化子的快速初步鉴定。同时还证明了该NaOH法可用于番茄不同组织的DNA提取。本研究中整个操作过程步骤简单,耗时短,可在短时间内完成大量植物样品的DNA提取,无需使用氯仿、异丙醇等有毒物质,完成提取时间约为CTAB提取法的1/5,而且提取的不同组织DNA完整性较好,质量可观,满足常规的PCR检测,可用于基因克隆及转化子筛选鉴定,具有一定的利用价值和应用前景。     

盐渍化条件下土壤团聚体及其有机碳研究进展

土壤团聚体是土壤结构的基本单元,对改善土壤结构和增加土壤固碳具有重要作用.盐渍化导致的特殊土壤性质,如高盐分离子(主要为Na+)浓度、低有机质含量和较差的微生物条件等因素,对团聚体的形成和稳定产生障碍作用,因此探讨盐渍化土壤团聚体特征更具有重要性和特殊性.滨海湿地和内陆盐渍化沼泽湿地是盐渍化生态系统的重要组成部分.本文...     

新疆准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷玛页1井宾夕法尼亚亚系至乌拉尔统风城组孢粉地层学研究

提要准噶尔盆地西北缘玛湖凹陷风城组主要形成于碱湖环境,含有优质生烃母岩。对玛页1井风城组岩心样品的孢粉分析建立了Protohaploxypinus perfectus–Lunatisporites tersus (PT)孢粉组合。该组合包括20属29种孢粉化石。PT组合以双气囊具肋花粉占主导,蕨类孢子含量很低为特征;孢粉母体植物类群以裸子植物门种子蕨盾籽目为主,其次为松柏纲松柏目。该组合与准噶尔盆地南缘塔什库拉组上部至乌拉泊组的Crustaesporites–Protohaploxypinus–Hamiapollenites孢粉组合可以对比,均以双气囊具肋花粉为主要特征,又同时出现重要的属种Gardenasporites bilabiatus,Triangulisaccites boleensis和Hamiapollenites saccatus。孢粉地层学和同位素年代学资料表明,玛页1井风城组PT组合的时代很可能属于石炭纪宾夕法尼亚亚纪卡西莫夫期至二叠纪乌拉尔世阿瑟尔期,玛湖凹陷区整个风城组沉积时代晚于宾夕法尼亚亚纪巴什基尔期,其上部可能包含部分乌拉尔世阿瑟尔期沉积。风城组黑色页岩中...     

不同中药复方及不同提取方法提取液对小鼠耐缺氧作用的影响

目的:探讨不同中药处方组成及其不同提取方法的复方提取物对小鼠耐缺氧能力的影响,以优选其处方组成和制备提取方法。方法:将雄性BALB/c小鼠随机分成6组：空白对照组、复方丹参组、复方红景天醇-水提取组(红景天、黄芪、黄精、枸杞子)、复方红景天水提取组、复方黄芪醇-水提取组(黄芪、黄精、枸杞子)、复方黄芪水提取组,每组30只,每组小鼠连续灌胃给药10 d,空白组灌胃灭菌注射用水,复方丹参组0.15 g/kg,复方红景天醇-水提取组和水提取组3 g/kg,复方黄芪醇-水提取组和水提取组1.7 g/kg。各组于末次灌胃1 h后进行常压耐缺氧实验、亚硝酸钠中毒存活实验和急性脑缺血缺氧实验,并测定小鼠脑组织氧化应激相关抗氧化物酶活性和代谢物含量。结果:与空白对照组相比,复方丹参组、复方黄芪醇-水提取组和水提取组常压耐缺氧存活时间均显著延长(P<0.01),脑缺血缺氧后张口喘气次数均显著增加(P<0.05)。各组注射亚硝酸钠后存活时间没有统计学差异。与空白对照组相比,复方黄芪水提取组T-AOC、SOD、GSH和CAT活性均显著升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),MDA含量均显...     

Nonesterified galacturonic acid sequence homology of pectins

The methyl ester distribution of pectins was studied with a recently developed enzymatic method. Endopolygalacturonase of Kluyveromyces fragilis was used to degrade pectin and the composition of the degradation products was determined with high-performance anion-exchange chromatography at pH 5. Three characteristics indicative for the distribution of nonesterified galacturonic acid residues were obtained: the percentage of nonesterified galacturonic acid residues liberated of the total number of nonesterified galacturonic acid in the undigested polymer, the proportion of nonesterified mono-, di-, and trigalacturonic acid released, and the ratio of the sum of the peak areas of methyl ester containing oligomers divided by the sum of the peak areas of the nonesterified oligomers detected. From these characteristics and the degree of methyl esterification, the mean sequence similarity of the methyl ester distributions was calculated. Computational techniques commonly employed in the determination of the sequence similarity of DNA and proteins were used to discriminate the various types of distributions found and to construct a distance tree. In general, three types of methyl ester distributions could be discerned in pectin: random, high, and blockwise esterified. This report is the first to describe a parametric approach for the comparison of the substituent distribution in polymers. The importance of this novel approach in the study of the methyl ester distribution and the functional properties of pectin is discussed.     

Influence of lysine content and pH on the stability of alanine-based copolypeptides

To account for the relative contributions of lysine and alanine residues to the stability of alpha-helices of copolymers of these two residues, conformational energy calculations were carried out for several hexadecapeptides at several pHs. All the calculations considered explicitly the coupling between the conformation of the molecule and the ionization equilibria as a function of pH. The total free energy function used in these calculations included terms that account for the solvation free energy and free energy of ionization. These terms were evaluated by means of a fast multigrid boundary element method. Reasonable agreement with experimental values was obtained for the helix contents and vicinal coupling constants ((3)J(HNalpha)). The helix contents were found to depend strongly on the lysine content, in agreement with recent experimental results of Williams et al. (Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1998, Vol. 120, pp. 11033-11043) In the lowest energy conformation computed for a hexadecapeptide containing 3 lysine residues at pH 6, the lysine side chains are preferentially hydrated; this decreases the hydration of the backbone CO and NH groups, thereby forcing the latter to form hydrogen bonds with each other in the helical conformation. The lowest energy conformation computed for a hexadecapeptide containing 6 lysine residues at pH 6 shows a close proximity between the NH3(+) groups of the lysine side chains, a feature that was previously observed in calculations of short alanine-based oligopeptides. The calculation on a blocked 16-mer of alanine shows a 7% helix content based on the Boltzmann averaged vicinal coupling constants computed from the dihedral angles phi, consistent with previous experimental evidence on triblock copolymers containing a central block of alanines, and with earlier theoretical calculations.