Im-trityl protection of histidine.

A rational attempt to prepare FmocHis(piTrt)OH regiospecifically gave in fact the well-known tau-trityl isomer, and experiments with model systems indicate that the prospects for access to pi-trityl histidine derivatives, which would be of great value for the racemization-free synthesis of histidine-containing peptides, are poor.     

Pharmakogenetik der oralen Antikoagulation mit Cumarinen

The recent identification of VKORC1 has made important contributions to our understanding of the vitamin K cycle. The VKORC1 enzyme was shown to be the molecular target of coumarin drugs. Mutations and polymorphisms in coding and noncoding regions of the VKORC1 gene have been shown to cause both a partial to total coumarin resistance and coumarin sensitivity. Availability of molecular diagnostics (VKORC1, CYP2C9) and drug monitoring by HCPLC (determination of coumarin, vitamin K, and vitamin K epoxide levels) is helpful for detecting hereditary and acquired factors influencing coumarin therapy. In the future, these tools may be instrumental in designing individualized oral anticoagulation therapy regimens.     

Enhanced activation of a T cell line specific for acetylcholine receptor (AChR) by using anti-AChR monoclonal antibodies plus receptors

Immune complex-mediated regulation of the immune response has been studied by using T cell lines and monoclonal antibodies (MAb), both specific for the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). Rat T lymphocytes bearing the W3/25 phenotype and specific for AChR from Torpedo californica have been propagated in vitro for nearly 1 yr. These T cells proliferate in response to optimal concentrations of AChR presented by irradiated syngeneic thymus cells. At suboptimal concentrations of antigen there is little activation of the T cell line. We report here that the addition of small amounts of anti-AChR MAb produces dramatic stimulation of the T cell lines at suboptimal doses of AChR. Enhanced activation depends on the isotype and not the fine specificity of the MAb that are used. The observed phenomenon is antigen specific, and in fact, the immune complexes may actually suppress the proliferative response of irrelevant T cells to some extent. The MAb plus antigen are rapidly bound to the surface of the antigen-presenting cell, which we have shown is the dendritic cell.     

Olfactory deprivation in pigeons: examination of methods applied in homing experiments

1. Effectiveness of three methods of olfactory deprivation or impairment was tested by means of unconditioned cardiac acceleration in response to odorous stimuli. 2. Occlusion of nostrils reduced stimulus intensity to approx. 20-30% of the level in unimpeded state. Capability of stimulus quantification remained unimpaired. 3. Bilateral olfactory nerve section and backward bending of the nerve stumps irreversibly eliminated responses to weaker stimuli. With higher concentrations of the odorant, pigeons responded at a reduced level, most likely due to trigeminal reception. 4. Spraying the nasal cavities with an anaesthetic largely abolished sensitivity to odorous stimuli. However, its effect was quite variable depending on the kind of application (which cannot be fully standardized). The time course of effectiveness is shown. 5. The relevance of these findings to experiments on pigeon homing is discussed. Conclusions on involvement of unspecified non-olfactory stimuli can only be drawn if methods are applied that reliably isolate the birds from airborne environmental odours.     

Intramuscular loading dose of quinine for falciparum malaria: pharmacokinetics and toxicity.

In a study of intramuscular injection of quinine eight adults with moderately severe falciparum malaria resistant to chloroquine were treated with quinine dihydrochloride, being given a loading dose of 20 mg salt (16.7 mg base)/kg followed by three or four eight hourly maintenance doses of 10 mg salt (8.3 mg base)/kg injected into the anterior thigh. All patients responded to treatment. Fever and parasite clearance times (mean (SD) 60 (23) h and 53 (22) h respectively) were comparable with those obtained with intravenous quinine. The mean peak plasma quinine concentration of 11.0 mg/l (34.4 mu mol/l) [corrected] was reached a median of five hours after administration of the loading dose. In all patients plasma quinine concentrations exceeded the high minimum inhibitory concentration for Plasmodium falciparum malaria prevalent in Thailand within four hours of the start of treatment but did not cause toxicity other than mild cinchonism. When intravenous infusion is not possible an intramuscular quinine loading dose is an effective means of starting treatment in patients with moderately severe falciparum malaria who cannot swallow tablets.     

Growth of measles and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis viruses in human neural cell lines

Growth of cell-free subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus was compared with that of measles virus in three human neural cell lines; neuroblastoma, oligodendroglioma, and glioblastoma. The Edmonston strain of measles virus replicated in these neural cells as efficiently as in Vero cells. In contrast, the growth of the Mantooth strain of SSPE virus was suppressed moderately in neuroblastoma cells and markedly in oligodendroglioma and glioblastoma cells in spite of the induction of apparent cytopathic effects in these cells. Virus adsorption, defective interfering particles, interferon, and temperature sensitivity were not responsible for this low yield of SSPE virus in neural cell lines. Synthesis of viral proteins of SSPE virus was slower than that of measles virus in oligodendroglioma and glioblastoma cells. These results suggest that the slow rate of synthesis of viral proteins may be relevant to the low yield of SSPE virus in neural cells.     

Androgenic stimulation of endocytosis, amino acid and hexose transport in mouse kidney cortex involves increased calcium fluxes

Testosterone was previously shown to induce an early (less than 1 min) receptor-dependent stimulation of endocytosis, hexose and amino acid transport in mouse kidney cortex (Koenig, H., Goldstone, A. and Lu, C.Y. (1982) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 104, 165-172). Testosterone (10(-8) M) has now been found to stimulate rapidly (less than 30 s) the influx and efflux of 45Ca2+ in cortex slices. Testosterone also decreased mitochondrial 45Ca and augmented soluble 45Ca, indicating a mobilization of intracellular calcium. Incubation of cortex slices in calcium-free medium without or with 2.5 mM EGTA decreased basal endocytosis, hexose and amino acid transport and blocked the hormonal response. 100 microM verapamil blocked the hormonal response without affecting basal transport. The calcium ionophore A23187 rapidly stimulated endocytosis, hexose and amino acid transport. These data indicate that androgenic stimulation of membrane transport functions involves an increased influx of extracellular calcium and a mobilization of intracellular calcium. Increased cytosolic Ca2+ is probably the regulatory signal for these transport processes.