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981.
Petronela Weisová Ujval Anilkumar Caitriona Ryan Caoimhín G. Concannon Jochen H.M. Prehn Manus W. Ward 《BBA》2012,1817(5):744-753
The preconditioning response conferred by a mild uncoupling of the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) has been attributed to altered reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial Ca2 + uptake within the cells. Here we have explored if altered cellular energetics in response to a mild mitochondrial uncoupling stimulus may also contribute to the protection. The addition of 100 nM FCCP for 30 min to cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) induced a transient depolarization of the Δψm, that was sufficient to significantly reduce CGN vulnerability to the excitotoxic stimulus, glutamate. On investigation, the mild mitochondrial ‘uncoupling’ stimulus resulted in a significant increase in the plasma membrane levels of the glucose transporter isoform 3, with a hyperpolarisation of Δψm and increased cellular ATP levels also evident following the washout of FCCP. Furthermore, the phosphorylation state of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (Thr 172) was increased within 5 min of the uncoupling stimulus and elevated up to 1 h after washout. Significantly, the physiological changes and protection evident after the mild uncoupling stimulus were lost in CGNs when AMPK activity was inhibited. This study identifies an additional mechanism through which protection is mediated upon mild mitochondrial uncoupling: it implicates increased AMPK signalling and an adaptive shift in energy metabolism as mediators of the preconditioning response associated with FCCP-induced mild mitochondrial uncoupling. 相似文献
982.
983.
984.
L. M. Saunders D. M. Tompkins P. J. Hudson 《International journal for parasitology》2000,30(14):1481-1485
The importance of oxygen availability in the embryonation of the infective egg stages of the gastrointestinal nematode parasite Heterakis gallinarum was studied in the laboratory. Unembryonated H. gallinarum eggs were kept under either aerobic conditions by gassing with oxygen, or anaerobic conditions by gassing with the inert gas nitrogen, under a range of constant temperatures. Oxygenated eggs embryonated at a rate influenced by temperature. Conversely, eggs treated with nitrogen showed no embryonation although when these eggs were transferred from nitrogen to oxygen gas after 60 days of treatment, embryonation occurred. This demonstrated that oxygen is an essential requirement for H. gallinarum egg development, although undeveloped eggs remain viable, even after 60 days in low oxygen conditions. The effects of climate on the biology of free-living stages studied under constant laboratory conditions cannot be applied directly to the field where climatic factors exhibit daily cycles. The effect of fluctuating temperature on development was investigated by including an additional temperature group in which H. gallinarum eggs were kept under daily temperature cycles between 12 and 22°C. Cycles caused eggs to develop significantly earlier than those in the constant mean cycle temperature, 17°C, but significantly slower than those in constant 22°C suggesting that daily temperature cycles had an accelerating effect on H. gallinarum egg embryonation but did not accelerate to the higher temperature. These results suggest that daily fluctuations in temperature influence development of the free-living stages and so development cannot be accurately predicted on the basis of constant temperature culture. 相似文献
985.
986.
N. Nikbakht J. C. McLachlan 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》1999,266(1424):1101
The precise identification of the digits of the avian wing is of importance in evolutionary studies. If the digits are numbered two, three and four, this has been taken to suggest that birds are not descended directly from dinosaurs. If the digits are numbered one, two and three, dinosaur origins become more plausible. Studies of the development of the avian wing have failed to resolve this dilemma. However, in some instances, it is possible to deduce information about evolutionary morphologies by manipulating development experimentally. We grafted beads loaded with fibroblast growth factor 4 into the distal tip of chick wing buds at times when the apical ectodermal ridge is regressing. The consequence was that the cartilage structure conventionally labelled ''element 5'' increased dramatically in size and acquired a digit-like morphology in some instances. Corresponding changes in soft tissue morphology were also observed. We conclude that it may be possible to resolve the issue of avian digit homology by the induction of experimental atavisms of this kind. 相似文献
987.
Conantokin-T (con-T) and conantokin-G (con-G) are two highly homologous peptide toxins found in Conus venom. The former is a 21-residue peptide with four gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) residues (at positions 3, 4, 10 and 14), while the latter is a 17-residue peptide with five gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues (at positions 3, 4, 7, 10 and 14). Despite the apparent similarity in number and relative positions of the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues, (113)Cd-NMR studies indicated a distinct metal binding behavior for con-G and con-T. There appears to be four binding sites in con-G in contrast to one metal binding site in con-T. To elucidate the mode of calcium binding by the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues in these conantokins, we designed various analogous peptides with their gamma-carboxyglutamic acid replaced by other amino acid residues. (113)Cd-NMR experiments on conantokin analogues reveal that the major difference in the number of metal binding sites between con-G and con-T is due to the residue at position 7. We also performed molecular simulations to calculate the relative binding free energies of several potential binding sites. Based on our theoretical and experimental results, we propose a 'four-site' binding model for conantokin-G and a 'single-site' binding model for conantokin-T. 相似文献
988.
989.
Changes in the spatial distribution of perfusion during acute lung injury and their impact on gas exchange are poorly understood. We tested whether endotoxemia caused topographical differences in perfusion and whether these differences caused meaningful changes in regional ventilation-to-perfusion ratios and gas exchange. Regional ventilation and perfusion were measured in anesthetized, mechanically ventilated pigs in the prone position before and during endotoxemia with the use of aerosolized and intravenous fluorescent microspheres. On average, relative perfusion halved in ventral and cranial lung regions, doubled in caudal lung regions, and increased 1.5-fold in dorsal lung regions during endotoxemia. In contrast, there were no topographical differences in perfusion before endotoxemia and no topographical differences in ventilation at any time point. Consequently, endotoxemia increased regional ventilation-to-perfusion ratios in the caudal-to-cranial and dorsal-to-ventral directions, resulting in end-capillary PO2 values that were significantly lower in dorsal-caudal than ventral-cranial regions. We conclude that there are topographical differences in the pulmonary vascular response to endotoxin that may have important consequences for gas exchange in acute lung injury. 相似文献
990.
Emerging buds of rhizome of Alpinia galanga Willd produced shoots and roots simultaneously when cultured in MS medium supplemented
with kinetin 3.0 mg l-1. Each explanted shoot bud produced 8 shoots in average and roots simultaneously within 8 weeks. Shoot proliferation could
be continued even after a year by transferring each divided shoot explant to the same medium. Regenerated plantlets could
be sucessfully transferred to soil where they grew well within 10–12 weeks with 80% survivality.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献