Hormonal control of the plant cell cycle

Plant organogenesis is essentially a post-embryonic process that requires a strict balance between cell proliferation and differentiation. This is subject to a complex regulatory network which, in some cases, depends on the action of a variety of plant hormones. Of these, auxins and cytokinins are those best documented as impinging directly on cell cycle control. However, increasing evidence is accumulating to indicate that other hormones also have an impact on cell cycle control by influencing the availability of cell cycle regulators. In this article, we review the results that point to the variety of situations in which cell cycle progression is controlled by phytohormones.     

A comparative study of several strains of the Tetranychus neocaledonicus complex and sterilization tests of males by X-rays

Five populations of Tetranychus neocaledonicus, collected in various biotopes from different plants, were studied in order to become informed about variation in this species. It appeared that all strains differed with respect to longevity and fecundity. Crossings resulted in incompatibility, hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility and hybrid breakdown. It is suggested that the great interpopulational variation as found in T. neocaledonicus is a consequence of the haplo-diploid system.An important difference in longevity and fecundity between mated and unmated females has been stated for all strains. Outcrosses with males from another species indicated that it is not the fertilization, but the insemination only which induces the enhanced fecundity in T. neocaledonicus. Irradiated males appeared to be able to inseminate females effectively, resulting in the prevention of viable diploid offspring.

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Résumé A la suite d'une étude morphologique concluant à l'homogénéité d'un grand nombre de prélèvements de Tetranychus neocaledonicus, dans plusieurs régions de la zone intertropicale, les auteurs proposent 3 séries d'expériences portant sur la physiologie et la compatibilité de quelques souches de ce taxon.La première série d'essais, porte sur la comparaison de la longévité et de la fécondité de femelles fécondées ou non, appartenant à 4 souches prélevées à Madagascar et à une souche originaire de Louisiane (U.S.A.). Pour ces souches élevées dans des conditions identiques, les femelles fécondées pondent davantage et vivent moins longtemps que les femelles vierges. Les graphiques fournis et les tests statistiques employés, montrent que suivant leur appartenance à l'une des 5 souches, les femelles étudiées ont une longévité propre et présentent du point de vue de la reproduction, des différences très nettes.La seconde série d'expériences a pour but de vérifier la compatibilité entre les différentes souches malgaches précédentes, aussi bien entre elles qu'avec la souche Louisiane white eye, marquée génétiquement et dérivant de la souche Louisiane précédente. Un croisement a été également tenté entre une souche de T. neocaledonicus et une souche de T. urticae. Huit croisements ont été ainsi réalisés avec chaque fois le croisement réciproque. La composition des F₁, F₂ et F₃ est analysée. Une très forte agressivité des mâles à l'égard des jeunes femelles est chaque fois constatée. Le croisement de T. neocaledonicus avec T. urticae n'entraîne aucune hybridation. Entre les souches de T. neocaledonicus il y a formation de femelles, dans l'un des 2 sens au moins mais les femelles produites en F₁ se révèlent stériles dans 5 cas sur 12 et peu de souches semblent vraiment compatibles au-delà de la F₃. Finalement, les différences entre les souches du point de vue physiologique et les incompatibilités génétiques, amènent les auteurs à considérer qu'il y a, en fait, plusieurs espèces d T. neocaledonicus devant être groupées en un complexe. Ces croisements permettent aussi de remarquer, que l'abaissement de la longévité des femelles fécondées, dépend étroitement du taux de fécondation des ufs.La troisième série d'expériences tente d'expliquer l'augmentation de la production d'ufs chez les femelles fécondées. Les pontes des 14 premiers jours de vie, de femelles de la souche Lousiane fécondées ou non, sont comparées à celles de femelles fécondées, par des mâles de la même souche, irradiés aux rayons X ou par des mâles de T. urticae. La technique d'élevage employée ici permet l'intervention de plusieurs mâles. L'analyse de la F₁ et la quantité d'ufs produits à la suite du croisement avec les mâles de T. urticae, prouvent que l'augmentation de la ponte est dûe à un phénomène indépendant du taux de fécondation des ufs.Les auteurs signalent, en conclusion, que les incompatibilités entre les différentes souches de T. neocaledonicus pourraient être utilisées en lutte biologique par voie génétique, mais que la stérilisation des mâles aux rayons X, obtenue au cours de la dernière série d'expériences, aboutit aux mêmes résultats et paraît plus sûre.

     

A study on sex-determination and karyotypic evolution inTetranychidae

The chromosome complements of 45 species of spider mites (Tetranychidae) were studied, making the total number of species now examined in this family 57, approximately 10% of all species known. The chromosome numbers range fromn=2 ton=7. The modal number of the family is 3 (found in 44% of the species). It is argued that the ancestral number isn=2 (21% of the species).In the more primitive subfamily of theBryobiinae both thelytokous and arrhenotokous species occur, whereas the subfamily of theTetranychinae exclusively exhibits arrhenotoky. The karyotype evolution is discussed in connection with arrhenotoky. It is stated that karyotype information is a useful tool for the spider mite taxonomist.This study was financially supported by the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (W.O.T.R.O.) and the Uyttenboogaart-Eliasen Foundation.     

Conformational dynamics and the energetics of protein--ligand interactions: role of interdomain loop in human cytochrome P450 reductase

A combination of mutagenesis, calorimetry, kinetics, and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) has been used to study the mechanism of ligand binding energy propagation through human cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR). Remarkably, the energetics of 2',5'-ADP binding to R597 at the FAD-binding domain are affected by mutations taking place at an interdomain loop located 60 A away. Either deletion of a 7 amino acid long segment (T236-G237-E238-E239-S240-S241-I242) or its replacement by poly-proline repeats (5 and 10 residues) results in a significant increase in 2',5'-ADP enthalpy of binding (DeltaHB). This is accompanied by a decrease in the number of thermodynamic microstates available for the ligand-CPR complex. Moreover, the estimated heat capacity change (DeltaCp) for this interaction changes from -220 cal mol-1 K-1 in the wild-type enzyme to -580 cal mol-1 K-1 in the deletion mutant. Pre-steady-state kinetics measurements reveal a 50-fold decrease in the microscopic rate for interdomain (FAD --> FMN) electron transfer in the deletion mutant (kobs = 0.4 s-1). Multiple turnover cytochome c reduction assays indicate that these mutations impair the ability of the FMN-binding domain to shuttle electrons from the FAD-binding domain to the cytochrome partner. Binding of 2',5'-ADP to wild-type CPR triggers a large-scale structural rearrangement resulting in the complex having a more compact domain organization, and the maximum molecular dimension (Dmax) decreases from 110 A in ligand-free enzyme to 100 A in the ligand-bound CPR. The SAXS experiments also demonstrate that what is affected by the mutations is indeed the relative diffusional motion of the domains. Furthemore, ab initio shape reconstruction and homology modeling would suggest that-in the deletion mutant-hindering of domain motion occurs concomitantly with dimerization. The results presented here show that the energetics of this highly localized interaction (2',5'-ADP binding) have a global character, and are highly sensitive to functional structural dynamics involving distal domains. These findings support early theoretical studies which postulate a single protein molecule to be a real, independent thermodynamic ensemble.     

Regulation of c-Myc and Max in megakaryocytic and monocytic-macrophagic differentiation of K562 cells induced by protein kinase C modifiers: c-Myc is down-regulated but does not inhibit differentiation.

We have studied the regulation and role of c-Myc and Max in the differentiation pathways induced in K562 cells by 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13 acetate (TPA) and staurosporine, an activator and inhibitor, respectively, of protein kinase C (PKC). We found that staurosporine induced megakaryocytic differentiation, as revealed by the cellular ultrastructure, platelet formation, and DNA endoreduplication. In contrast, TPA induced a differentiated phenotype that more closely resembled that of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. c-myc expression was down-regulated in K562 differentiated by both TPA and staurosporine, whereas max expression did not change in either case. Although PKC enzymatic activity was low in cells terminally differentiated with TPA and staurosporine, inhibition of PKC activity by itself did not induce c-myc down-regulation. We conclude that the c-myc gene is switched off as a consequence of the differentiation process triggered by these drugs in a manner independent from PKC. Ectopic overexpression of c-Myc in K562 cells did not affect the monocytic-macrophagic and megakaryocytic differentiation, indicating that c-Myc suppression is not required for these processes in K562. Similarly, both differentiation pathways were not affected by Max overexpression or by concomitant overexpression of c-Myc and Max. This result is in contrast with the inhibition of erythroid differentiation of K562 exerted by c-Myc, suggesting divergent roles for c-Myc/Max, depending on the differentiation pathway.