Alterations and Mechanism of Gut Microbiota in Graves’ Disease and Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

To explore the role of gut microbiota in Graves’ disease (GD) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). Seventy fecal samples were collected, including 27 patients with GD, 27 with HT, and 16 samples from healthy volunteers. Chemiluminescence was used to detect thyroid function and autoantibodies (FT3, FT4, TSH, TRAb, TGAb, and TPOAb); thyroid ultrasound and 16S sequencing were used to analyze the bacteria in fecal samples; KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) and COG (Clusters of Orthologous Groups) were used to analyze the functional prediction and pathogenesis. The overall structure of gut microbiota in the GD and HT groups was significantly different from the healthy control group. Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria contents were the highest in the HT group. Compared to the control group, the GD and HT groups had a higher abundance of Erysipelotrichia, Cyanobacteria, and Ruminococcus_2 and lower levels of Bacillaceae and Megamonas. Further analysis of KEGG found that the “ABC transporter” metabolic pathway was highly correlated with the occurrence of GD and HT. COG analysis showed that the GD and HT groups were enriched in carbohydrate transport and metabolism compared to the healthy control group but not in amino acid transport and metabolism. Our data suggested that Bacillus, Blautia, and Ornithinimicrobium could be used as potential markers to distinguish GD and HT from the healthy population and that “ABC transporter” metabolic pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of GD and HT.     

Adipocyte-derived IL-6 and leptin promote breast Cancer metastasis via upregulation of Lysyl Hydroxylase-2 expression

Background

Adipocytes make up the major component of breast tissue, accounting for 90% of stromal tissue. Thus, the crosstalk between adipocytes and breast cancer cells may play a critical role in cancer progression. Adipocyte-breast cancer interactions have been considered important for the promotion of breast cancer metastasis. However, the specific mechanisms underlying these interactions are unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of adipocyte-mediated breast cancer metastasis.

Methods

Breast cancer cells were cocultured with mature adipocytes for migration and 3D matrix invasion assays. Next, lentivirus-mediated loss-of-function experiments were used to explore the function of lysyl hydroxylase (PLOD2) in breast cancer migration and adipocyte-dependent migration of breast cancer cells. The role of PLOD2 in breast cancer metastasis was further confirmed using orthotopic mammary fat pad xenografts in vivo. Clinical samples were used to confirm that PLOD2 expression is increased in tumor tissue and is associated with poor prognosis of breast cancer patients. Cells were treated with cytokines and pharmacological inhibitors in order to verify which adipokines were responsible for activation of PLOD2 expression and which signaling pathways were activated in vitro.

Results

Gene expression profiling and Western blotting analyses revealed that PLOD2 was upregulated in breast cancer cells following coculture with adipocytes; this process was accompanied by enhanced breast cancer cell migration and invasion. Loss-of-function studies indicated that PLOD2 knockdown suppressed cell migration and disrupted the formation of actin stress fibers in breast cancer cells and abrogated the migration induced by following coculture with adipocytes. Moreover, experiments performed in orthotopic mammary fat pad xenografts showed that PLOD2 knockdown could reduce metastasis to the lung and liver. Further, high PLOD2 expression correlated with poor prognosis of breast cancer patients. Mechanistically, adipocyte-derived interleukin-6 (IL-6) and leptin may facilitate PLOD2 upregulation in breast cancer cells and promote breast cancer metastasis in tail vein metastasis assays. Further investigation revealed that adipocyte-derived IL-6 and leptin promoted PLOD2 expression through activation of the JAK/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways.

Conclusions

Our study reveals that adipocyte-derived IL-6 and leptin promote PLOD2 expression by activating the JAK/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, thus promoting breast cancer metastasis.

     

The Component and Functional Pathways of Gut Microbiota are Altered in Populations with Poor Sleep Quality – A Preliminary Report

With the development of genome sequencing, many researchers have investigated the mechanism by which the intestinal microbiota influences sleep across the brain-gut axis. However, the relationship between gut microbiota and sleep disorder remains unclear. Thus, we studied the difference in gut microbiota composition between poor sleep quality- and normal populations, which helps set the ground for future research. The recruited college students provided baseline information and stool samples and completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). We compared the two groups’ gut microbiota composition and functional differentiation by using the 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. The main bacterial difference and the most critical effect were mainly concentrated within Tenericutes and Elusimicrobia. Compared with the healthy control group, some functions of the gut microbiota were impaired in the poor sleep quality group, such as butanoate metabolism and propanoate metabolism. Bacterial taxa with significant differences raised the possibility for future diagnosis and treatment of sleep problems.     

栗山天牛天敌花绒寄甲在栎林中的种群保持机制

花绒寄甲(Dastarcus helophoroides)(鞘翅目:寄甲科Bothrideridae)是寄生栗山天牛(Massicus raddei)中老龄幼虫和蛹的重要天敌,但其寄主栗山天牛世代周期长(3年1代)、发育比较整齐,不利于寄生性天敌种群数量的稳定.为了解利用花绒寄甲防治栗山天牛后,其种群能否在栎树林间长期保持较高的种群数量,达到持续控制栗山天牛的防治效果,调查研究了花绒寄甲在栎树林间的转主寄主和种群保持机制.结果表明,在东北辽东栎树干和树枝上除了栗山天牛外,还有其他8种天牛危害:双簇天牛(Moechotypa diphysis)、四点象天牛(Mesosa myops)、中华薄翅锯天牛(Megopis sinica)、锯天牛(Prionus insularis)、双带粒翅天牛(Lamiomimus gottschei)、八字绿虎天牛(Chlorophorus tohokensis)、日本绿虎天牛(C.japonicus)和拟蜡天牛(Stenygrinumquadrinotatum).其中以栗山天牛、双簇天牛、四点象天牛和拟蜡天牛数量较多,而花绒寄甲在辽东栎树干上的垂直分布与栗山天牛、双簇天牛和四点象天牛的垂直分布重叠较多.室内研究表明,花绒寄甲对四点象天牛老熟幼虫的寄生率达到26.67％,对蛹的寄生率达到了43.33％;对双簇天牛老熟幼虫的寄生率达到20.00％,对蛹的寄生率为6.67％.对双簇天牛和四点象天牛在林间的生活史调查和研究发现,花绒寄甲可寄生的这两种天牛的中老龄幼虫和蛹,在花绒寄甲不适宜寄生的栗山天牛幼龄幼虫期大量存在,表明双簇天牛和四点象天牛是花绒寄甲在栎树林中的主要转主寄主.由于这些转主寄主的存在,花绒寄甲在不利于其寄生的栗山天牛卵期、幼龄幼虫期可转移寄生这些寄主,从而在栗山天牛危害的栎树林间保持了较高的种群数量,达到对栗山天牛长期而有效的持续控制效果.     

Suppression of high pacing-induced ANP secretion by antioxidants in isolated rat atria

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed as a natural by-product of the normal metabolism of oxygen and have important roles in cell signaling. The aim of this study was to investigate direct effects of ROS on atrial hemodynamics and ANP secretion in isolated perfused beating rat atria with antioxidants. When atria were paced at 1.2 Hz, N-acetyl cystein (antioxidant, NAC), α-lipoic acid (antioxidant), tempol (superoxide dismutase mimic), and apocynin (NADPH oxidase inhibitor; NOX inhibitor) did not affect ANP secretion and atrial contractility. When pacing frequency was increased from 1.2 Hz to 4 Hz, the ANP secretion increased and atrial contractility decreased. H₂O₂ level was increased in perfusate obtained from atria stimulated by high pacing frequency. NAC, α-lipoic acid and tempol attenuated high pacing frequency-induced ANP secretion but apocynin did not. In contrast, pyrogallol (a superoxide generator) augmented high pacing frequency-induced ANP secretion. NOX-4 protein was increased by high pacing stimulation and in diabetic rat atria. In diabetic rat atria, high pacing frequency caused an increased ANP secretion and a decreased atrial contractility, that were markedly attenuated as compared to control rats. NAC and apocynin reduced high pacing frequency-induced ANP secretion in diabetic rat atria. These results suggest that intracellular ROS formation partly through an increasing NOX activity in response to high pacing frequency is associated with an increased ANP secretion in rat atria.     

Supreme™ laryngeal mask airway use in general Anesthesia for category 2 and 3 Cesarean delivery: a prospective cohort study

Background

The Supreme? laryngeal mask airway (SLMA) is a single-use LMA with double lumen design that allows separation of the respiratory and the alimentary tract, hence potentially reducing the gastric volume and risk of aspiration. The purpose of this prospective cohort study is to evaluate the the role of the SLMA as an airway technique for women undergoing category 2 and 3 Cesarean delivery under general anesthesia.

Methods

We recruited 584 parturients who underwent category 2 or 3 Cesarean delivery under general anesthesia, in which 193 parturients underwent category 2 and 391 parturients underwent category 3 Cesarean delivery. The primary outcome was insertion success rate at 1st attempt in SLMA insertion. The secondary outcomes included anaesthetic, obstetric outcomes and maternal side effects associated with airway device.

Results

The 1st attempt insertion success rate was 98.3%, while the overall insertion success rate was 100%. The mean (Standard deviation) time to effective ventilation was 15.6 (4.4) seconds. Orogastric tube insertion was successful at the 1st attempt in all parturients. There was no clinical evidence of aspiration or regurgitation. No episodes of hypoxemia, laryngospasm or bronchospasm were observed intra-operatively. The incidence of complications was low and with good maternal satisfaction reported.

Conclusions

The SLMA could be an alternative effective airway in category 2 and 3 parturients emergency Cesarean Delivery under general anesthesia in a carefully-selected obstetric population.

Trial registration

Clinical Trials Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov Registration NCT02026882. Registered on December 31, 2013.

     

Mapping one of the 2 genes controlling lemon ray flower color in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

In an F2 population of 120 plants derived from a cross between 2 breeding lines with yellow ray flowers, we observed 111 plants with yellow-colored and 9 plants with lemon-colored ray flowers. The segregation pattern fits a 15:1 (chi2(15:1) = 0.32, P > 0.5) ratio, suggesting that the lemon ray flower color is conditioned by 2 independent recessive genes that had been contributed individually by each of the parents. We sampled 111 plants from the 3 F(2:3) families displaying a 3 to 1 segregating ratio for genotyping with molecular markers. One of the genes, Yf(1), was mapped onto linkage group 11 of the public sunflower map. A targeted region amplified polymorphism marker (B26P17Trap13-68) had a genetic distance of 1.5 cM to Yf(1), and one simple sequence repeat marker (ORS733) and one expressed sequence tag (EST)-based marker (HT167) previously mapped to linkage group 11 were linked to Yf(1) with distances of 9.9 and 2.3 cM, respectively.     

塔里木河下游不同退化区地表植被和土壤种子库特征

对塔里木河下游不同退化程度的4个典型断面进行了植被和土壤种子库的取样调查,采用种子萌发试验研究了不同退化区植被和土壤种子库的特征,结果表明:(1)塔里木河下游地表植被表现为严重的逆行演替,具体体现为胡杨林都为过熟林,几乎没有胸径在10cm以下的幼林;植被盖度、密度和多样性指数均维持在一个较低的水平上;随退化程度不断加重,地表植被中草本植物的相对密度、相对盖度和相对频度逐渐降低,而灌木和乔木的相对密度、相对盖度和相对频度逐渐增加;(2)研究区土壤种子库的基本特征是:土壤种子库种类贫乏、密度低、多样性指数和相似性系数不高;(3) 随退化程度的加重,土壤种子库物种数不断减少、密度明显下降、优势种组成趋于单一、表层种子库比例升高、1年生草本植物占优势逐渐向多年生草本植物和灌木植物转变及土壤种子库物种组成与地上植被物种组成上差异显著.