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The use of the computer metaphor has led to the proposal of mind architecture (Pylyshyn 1984; Newell 1990) as a model of the organization of the mind. The dualist computational model, however, has, since the earliest days of psychological functionalism, required that the concepts mind architecture and brain architecture be remote from each other. The development of both connectionism and neurocomputational science, has sought to dispense with this dualism and provide general models of consciousness – a uniform cognitive architecture –, which is in general reductionist, but which retains the computer metaphor. This paper examines, in the first place, the concepts of mind architecture and brain architecture, in order to evaluate the syntheses which have recently been offered. It then moves on to show how modifications which have been made to classical functionalist mind architectures, with the aim of making them compatible with brain architectures, are unable to resolve some of the most serious problems of functionalism. Some suggestions are given as to why it is not possible to relate mind structures and brain structures by using neurocomputational approaches, and finally the question is raised of the validity of reductionism in a theory which sets out to unite mind and brain architectures. 相似文献
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S. LUYSSAERT I. INGLIMA M. JUNG A. D. RICHARDSON M. REICHSTEIN D. PAPALE S. L. PIAO E. ‐D. SCHULZE L. WINGATE G. MATTEUCCI L. ARAGAO M. AUBINET C. BEER C. BERNHOFER K. G. BLACK D. BONAL J. ‐M. BONNEFOND J. CHAMBERS P. CIAIS B. COOK K. J. DAVIS A. J. DOLMAN B. GIELEN M. GOULDEN J. GRACE A. GRANIER A. GRELLE T. GRIFFIS T. GRÜNWALD G. GUIDOLOTTI P. J. HANSON R. HARDING D. Y. HOLLINGER L. R. HUTYRA P. KOLARI B. KRUIJT W. KUTSCH F. LAGERGREN T. LAURILA B. E. LAW G. LE MAIRE A. LINDROTH D. LOUSTAU Y. MALHI J. MATEUS M. MIGLIAVACCA L. MISSON L. MONTAGNANI J. MONCRIEFF E. MOORS J. W. MUNGER E. NIKINMAA S. V. OLLINGER G. PITA C. REBMANN O. ROUPSARD N. SAIGUSA M. J. SANZ G. SEUFERT C. SIERRA M. ‐L. SMITH J. TANG R. VALENTINI T. VESALA I. A. JANSSENS 《Global Change Biology》2007,13(12):2509-2537
Terrestrial ecosystems sequester 2.1 Pg of atmospheric carbon annually. A large amount of the terrestrial sink is realized by forests. However, considerable uncertainties remain regarding the fate of this carbon over both short and long timescales. Relevant data to address these uncertainties are being collected at many sites around the world, but syntheses of these data are still sparse. To facilitate future synthesis activities, we have assembled a comprehensive global database for forest ecosystems, which includes carbon budget variables (fluxes and stocks), ecosystem traits (e.g. leaf area index, age), as well as ancillary site information such as management regime, climate, and soil characteristics. This publicly available database can be used to quantify global, regional or biome‐specific carbon budgets; to re‐examine established relationships; to test emerging hypotheses about ecosystem functioning [e.g. a constant net ecosystem production (NEP) to gross primary production (GPP) ratio]; and as benchmarks for model evaluations. In this paper, we present the first analysis of this database. We discuss the climatic influences on GPP, net primary production (NPP) and NEP and present the CO2 balances for boreal, temperate, and tropical forest biomes based on micrometeorological, ecophysiological, and biometric flux and inventory estimates. Globally, GPP of forests benefited from higher temperatures and precipitation whereas NPP saturated above either a threshold of 1500 mm precipitation or a mean annual temperature of 10 °C. The global pattern in NEP was insensitive to climate and is hypothesized to be mainly determined by nonclimatic conditions such as successional stage, management, site history, and site disturbance. In all biomes, closing the CO2 balance required the introduction of substantial biome‐specific closure terms. Nonclosure was taken as an indication that respiratory processes, advection, and non‐CO2 carbon fluxes are not presently being adequately accounted for. 相似文献
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An efficient technique for biotyping, using disposable trays instead of glass tubes and agar instead of liquid media, is described. 相似文献
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A mechanized microtechnique for the serological typing of Escherichia coli cultures is described. 相似文献
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VALRIE LE MAIRE ALAIN HERNVANN HERV LE MARECHAL OHVANESSE G. EKINDJIAN CHRISTIAN AUSSEL 《Cell biology international》1997,21(7):455-460
Given the importance of interleukin-1 in both rheumatic diseases and the modulation of cell metabolic activities, we studied the action of this cytokine on the neutral amino acid transport A system on rheumatoid synovial cells. In these cells IL-1 (1ng/ml) induced amino transport stimulation from 5min to 5h. This effect was obtained only after a starvation period. No concentration-related effect was found for IL-1-stimulated MeAIB uptake, and the IL-1-mediated MeAIB uptake stimulation is independent of protein synthesis. Neosynthesis or post-translational maturation of protein transport is a prerequisite for obtaining this effect. In conclusion, rheumatoid synovial cells exhibit a higher sensitivity for IL-1 than osteoarthritic ones, probably related to their intense metabolic activity. 相似文献