Functional metabolomics approach reveals the reduced biosynthesis of fatty acids and TCA cycle is required for pectinase activity in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus licheniformis</Emphasis>

Increase of pectinase activity is especially important in fermentation industry. Understanding of the metabolic mechanisms can find metabolic modulation approach to promote high yield of pectinase. Higher activity of pectinase was detected in DY1 than DY2, two strains of Bacillus licheniformis. GC–MS-based metabolomics identified differential metabolome of DY2 compared with DY1, characterizing the increased TCA cycle and biosynthesis of fatty acids. Elevated activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), α-ketoglutaric dehydrogenase (KGDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) showed global elevation of carbon metabolism, which is consistent with the result that lowers glucose in DY2 than DY1. Inhibitors malonate, furfural and triclosan, of PDH, SDH and biosynthesis of fatty acids, promoted pectinase activity, where triclosan increased pectinase activity by 179%. These results indicate that functional metabolomics is an effective approach to understand metabolic mechanisms of fermentation production and provides clues to develop new methods for changing bacterial physiology and production.     

The Rice <Emphasis Type="Italic">OsDUF810</Emphasis> Family: OsDUF810.7 May be Involved in the Tolerance to Salt and Drought

With the advance of sequencing technology, the number of sequenced plant genomes has been rapidly increasing. However, understanding of the gene function in these sequenced genomes lags far behind; as a result, many coding plant sequences in public databases are annotated as proteins with domains of unknown function (DUF). Function of a protein family DUF810 in rice is not known. In this study, we analysed seven members of OsDU810 (OsDUF810.1–OsDUF810.7) family with three distinct motifs in rice Nipponbare. By phylogenetic analysis, OsDUF810 proteins fall into three major groups (I, II, III). Expression patterns of the seven corresponding OsDUF810 protein-encoding genes in 15 different rice tissues vary. Under drought, salt, cold and heat stress conditions and ABA treatment, the expression of OsDUF810.7 significantly increases. Overexpression of this protein in E. coli lead to a significant enhancement of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities, and improved bacterial resistance to salt and drought.     

Differential fragment regeneration in Syntrichia caninervis Mitt. from the Gurbantunggut Desert of China

Fragments of the desert moss Syntrichia caninervis Mitt. were grown on the surface of moistened sand to assess their regeneration capacity. The plant material was collected in two different years (2014 and 2015) and divided into five fragment classifications (stem apices, green leaves, yellow-green leaves, brown leaves and stems). All fragments of the stem apices, green leaves and stems regenerated within 10 days of culture while some fragments of yellow-green leaves (two 2014 fragments and one 2015 fragment) and brown leaves (three 2014 fragments and three 2015 fragments) died. Fragments of stem, stem apices and green leaves regenerated more quickly, produced longer protonemata and more shoots as compared to fragments of yellow-green and brown leaves. These differences were statistically significant but there was no difference in regeneration between the fragments from 2014 and 2015. Differential regeneration and proliferation of different plant fragments has important implications for the clonal propagation of S. caninervis in the Gurbantunggut Desert.     

A metagenomic approach to dissect the genetic composition of enterotypes in Han Chinese and two Muslim groups

Distinct enterotypes have been observed in the human gut but little is known about the genetic basis of the microbiome. Moreover, it is not clear how many genetic differences exist between enterotypes within or between populations. In this study, both the 16S rRNA gene and the metagenomes of the gut microbiota were sequenced from 48 Han Chinese, 48 Kazaks, and 96 Uyghurs, and taxonomies were assigned after de novo assembly. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were also identified by referring to data from the Human Microbiome Project. Systematic analysis of the gut communities in terms of their abundance and genetic composition was also performed, together with a genome-wide association study of the host genomes. The gut microbiota of 192 subjects was clearly classified into two enterotypes (Bacteroides and Prevotella). Interestingly, both enterotypes showed a clear genetic differentiation in terms of their functional catalogue of genes, especially for genes involved in amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism. In addition, several differentiated genera and genes were found among the three populations. Notably, one human variant (rs878394) was identified that showed significant association with the abundance of Prevotella, which is linked to LYPLAL1, a gene associated with body fat distribution, the waist-hip ratio and insulin sensitivity. Taken together, considerable differentiation was observed in gut microbes between enterotypes and among populations that was reflected in both the taxonomic composition and the genetic makeup of their functional genes, which could have been influenced by a variety of factors, such as diet and host genetic variation.     

Isolation of YAC insert sequences by representational difference analysis.

We present a method for the isolation of YAC insert sequences by representational difference analysis (RDA). To achieve maximal representation of the sequences, the amplicons were generated from a Mbol digestion product. RDA was performed using a 970 kb insert YAC clone. After two rounds of re-association and selective amplification 92% of the difference product represented sequences derived from the YAC insert. Twenty insert-specific sequence-tagged sites were readily defined. The difference product was also successfully used to isolate microsatellite markers, to identify clones from a human PAC library and as a chromosome painting probe in fluorescence in situ hybridization.     

FACTORS AFFECTING CORPORA ALLATA ACTIVITY IN THE ADULT LADY BEETLE COCCINELLA SEPTEMPUNCTATA L.

Abstract Corpora allata are the defined site of juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis in reproductive adult insects and their activity is regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In the adult lady beetle Coccinella septempunctata , it has been well established that the development of ovaries is controlled by JH (Guan 1987). The present study aims at the elucidation of the influence of some factors regulating reproduction of the lady beetle. They include topical application of JH analogues, presence of neuropeptides in the extract from the brain, as well as the development of ovary and type of food on CA activity. JH synthesis in CA is monitored with radiochemical assay and immunoelectrophoresis.     

Linkage between vitamin D-binding protein and α-fetoprotein in the mouse

The albumin gene family consists of four evolutionarily related genes that code for serum transport proteins. In rodents, the genes for albumin, |ga-fetoprotein, and |gaALB are physically linked within 100 kilobases of DNA. The fourth gene, Gc, encoding vitamin D-binding protein or group-specific component, maps to the same chromosome as the other family members, but linkage has not been established. This report describes the genetic and physical mapping of Gc in mouse and establishes that, although Gc is genetically linked to the other genes, its physical distance from them extends beyond the resolution range of yeast artificial chromosome cloning and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Received: 18 July 1995 / Accepted: 9 September 1995     

Effects of toxins from two strains of Verticillium lecanii (Hyphomycetes) on bioattributes of a predatory ladybeetle, Delphastus catalinae (Col., Coccinellidae)

Abstract:  The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci ; Hom., Aleyrodidae) predator ladybird beetles, Delphastus catalinae (Col., Coccinellidae), are not adversely affected in the field by the crude insecticidal toxins extracted from two strains of the fungus Verticillium lecanii , V3450 and Vp28. We developed a method to evaluate sublethal toxicity and its effects on consumption and functional response of D. catalinae . The crude toxins have low toxicity against beetle larva with LC₅₀ values of 1942 (1393–2710) and 2471 (1291–4731) p.p.m., respectively (approximately 10- and 12-fold of field rate of application 200 p.p.m.). The adult beetles had less sensitivity to crude toxins with LC₅₀ values of 4260 (3376–5375) and 4426 (1734–11298) p.p.m., respectively (approximately 20- and 22-fold of field rate 200 p.p.m.). The consumption and foraging capacity were significantly impaired especially in the second-instar larval beetles which took longer time (more than twice of the control beetles) to consume whitefly eggs after exposure to toxins, although D. catalinae suffered no significant effect on fecundity and longevity, when exposed to a toxin dilution of field rate. The data suggest that spraying of V. lecanii or its toxins should be avoided in the field having immature stages of D. catalinae .     

Elevated p62/SQSTM1 determines the fate of autophagy-deficient neural stem cells by increasing superoxide

Autophagy plays important roles in many biological processes, but our understanding of the mechanisms regulating stem cells by autophagy is limited. Interpretations of earlier studies of autophagy using knockouts of single genes are confounded by accumulating evidence for other functions of many autophagy genes. Here, we show that, in contrast to Fip200 deletion, inhibition of autophagy by deletion of Atg5, Atg16L1, or Atg7 does not impair the maintenance and differentiation of postnatal neural stem cells (NSCs). Only Fip200 deletion, but not Atg5, Atg16L1, or Atg7 deletion, caused p62/sequestome1 aggregates to accumulate in NSCs. Fip200 and p62 double conditional knockout mice demonstrated that p62 aggregate formation triggers aberrant superoxide increases by impairing superoxide dismutase functions. By comparing the inhibition of autophagy by deletion of Atg5, Atg16L1, or Atg7 with Fip200 deletion, we revealed a critical role of increased p62 in determining the fate of autophagy-deficient NSCs through intracellular superoxide control.