不同转移潜能肿瘤细胞肝素酶的表达

目的研究肝素酶(Heparanase,Hpa)表达水平与人类肿瘤转移的相关性。方法利用半定量RT-PCR、免疫组织化学(S-P法)和Westernblot检测2组4种不同转移潜能的人类肿瘤细胞系中HpamRNA和蛋白的表达水平。结果HpamRNA和蛋白相对表达量在高转移潜能人类肺癌细胞(0·757±0·033,0·670±0·020)、乳腺癌细胞(0·617±0·024,0·661±0·013)中明显高于相应的低转移潜能肺癌细胞(0·518±0·012,0·406±0·012)、乳腺癌细胞(0·170±0·016,0·227±0·011)。结论在所研究的人类肿瘤中,HpamRNA和蛋白的表达水平与肿瘤的转移能力呈正相关。     

The Highly Conserved Layer-3 Component of the HIV-1 gp120 Inner Domain Is Critical for CD4-Required Conformational Transitions

The trimeric envelope glycoprotein (Env) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) mediates virus entry into host cells. CD4 engagement with the gp120 exterior envelope glycoprotein subunit represents the first step during HIV-1 entry. CD4-induced conformational changes in the gp120 inner domain involve three potentially flexible topological layers (layers 1, 2, and 3). Structural rearrangements between layer 1 and layer 2 have been shown to facilitate the transition of the envelope glycoprotein trimer from the unliganded to the CD4-bound state and to stabilize gp120-CD4 interaction. However, our understanding of CD4-induced conformational changes in the gp120 inner domain remains incomplete. Here, we report that a highly conserved element of the gp120 inner domain, layer 3, plays a pivot-like role in these allosteric changes. In the unliganded state, layer 3 modulates the association of gp120 with the Env trimer, probably by influencing the relationship of the gp120 inner and outer domains. Importantly, layer 3 governs the efficiency of the initial gp120 interaction with CD4, a function that can also be fulfilled by filling the Phe43 cavity. This work defines the functional importance of layer 3 and completes a picture detailing the role of the gp120 inner domain in CD4-induced conformational transitions in the HIV-1 Env trimer.     

In vitro selection of small RNA-cleaving deoxyribozymes that cleave pyrimidine-pyrimidine junctions

Herein, we sought new or improved endoribonucleases based on catalytic DNA molecules known as deoxyribozymes. The current repertoire of RNA-cleaving deoxyribozymes can cleave nearly all of the 16 possible dinucleotide junctions with rates of at least 0.1/min, with the exception of pyrimidine–pyrimidine (pyr–pyr) junctions, which are cleaved 1–3 orders of magnitude slower. We conducted four separate in vitro selection experiments to target each pyr–pyr dinucleotide combination (i.e. CC, UC, CT and UT) within a chimeric RNA/DNA substrate. We used a library of DNA molecules containing only 20 random-sequence nucleotides, so that all possible sequence permutations could be sampled in each experiment. From a total of 245 clones, we identified 22 different sequence families, of which 21 represented novel deoxyribozyme motifs. The fastest deoxyribozymes exhibited k_obs values (single-turnover, intermolecular format) of 0.12/min, 0.04/min, 0.13/min and 0.15/min against CC, UC, CT and UT junctions, respectively. These values represent a 6- to 8-fold improvement for CC and UC junctions, and a 1000- to 1600-fold improvement for CT and UT junctions, compared to the best rates reported previously under identical reaction conditions. The same deoxyribozymes exhibited ~1000-fold lower activity against all RNA substrates, but could potentially be improved through further in vitro evolution and engineering.     

PAX6 haplotypes are associated with high myopia in Han chinese

Background

The paired box 6 (PAX6) gene is considered as a master gene for eye development. Linkage of myopia to the PAX6 region on chromosome 11p13 was shown in several studies, but the results for association between myopia and PAX6 were inconsistent so far.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We genotyped 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PAX6 gene and its regulatory regions in an initial study for 300 high myopia cases and 300 controls (Group 1), and successfully replicated the positive results with another independent group of 299 high myopia cases and 299 controls (Group 2). Five SNPs were genotyped in the replication study. The spherical equivalent of subjects with high myopia was ≤−8.0 dioptres. The PLINK package was used for genetic data analysis. No association was found between each of the SNPs and high myopia. However, exhaustive sliding-window haplotype analysis highlighted an important role for rs12421026 because haplotypes containing this SNP were found to be associated with high myopia. The most significant results were given by the 4-SNP haplotype window consisting of rs2071754, rs3026393, rs1506 and rs12421026 (P = 3.54×10⁻¹⁰, 4.06×10⁻¹¹ and 1.56×10⁻¹⁸ for Group 1, Group 2 and Combined Group, respectively) and the 3-SNP haplotype window composed of rs3026393, rs1506 and rs12421026 (P = 5.48×10⁻¹⁰, 7.93×10⁻¹² and 6.28×10⁻²³ for the three respective groups). The results remained significant after correction for multiple comparisons by permutations. The associated haplotyes found in a previous study were also successfully replicated in this study.

Conclusions/Significance

PAX6 haplotypes are associated with susceptibility to the development of high myopia in Chinese. The PAX6 locus plays a role in high myopia.     

Molecular characterization of β-thalassemia in Czechoslovakia

Summary We have identified different -thalassemia mutations in 93 members of 34 families of Czech or Slovakian descent using gene amplification, hybridization with specific ³²P-labeled oligonucleotide probes, sequencing of amplified DNA, and gene mapping. The GA mutation at IVS-I-1 was found in 18 families; other Mediterranean mutations were IVS-II-1 (GA), IVS-II-745 (CG), IVS-I-110 (GA), and codon 39 (CT); these were present in 9 additional families. The GT mutation at codon 121, known to cause Heinzbody -thalassemia, was present in 3 families, and the frameshift at codons 82/83 (-G), first described in the Azerbaijanian population, in 2 families. A newly discovered allele was a frameshift at codons 38/39 (-C). One -thalassemia allele was incompletely characterized. We observed in 2 families a TC mutation at position +96 UTR (untranslated region) relative to the termination codon; this mutation likely is a rare polymorphism, -Thalassemia was rare; only one person carried the -^3.7 heterozygosity, and one other had a yet to be identified -thalassemia-1, while seven had the ^{anti 3.7} triplication.     

A two-stage minibioreactor system for continuous toxicity monitoring.

A two-stage minibioreactor system was successfully developed for continuous toxicity monitoring. This system consists of two minibioreactors in series. Recombinant Escherichia coli DPD2794 containing a RecA::luxCDABE fusion as a model strain was utilized to monitor environmental insults to DNA, with mitomycin C as a model toxicant. Pulse type exposures were used to evaluate the system's reproducibility and reliability. Step inputs of mitomycin C have been adopted to show the system's stability. The system's ability to monitor the possible upsets or accidental discharges of toxic chemicals was also evaluated with these step insults. All the data demonstrated that this two-stage minibioreactor system using recombinant bacteria containing stress promoters fused with lux genes is quite appropriate for continuous toxicity monitoring. Long-term operation and minimized media-usage have been investigated. Thus application to many different areas, including an early warning system of wastewater biotreatment plant upsets and the monitoring and tracking of accidental spills, discharges or failures in plant operation are plausible.     

Multi‐Length‐Scale Morphologies in PCPDTBT/PCBM Bulk‐Heterojunction Solar Cells

Additives are known to improve the performance of organic photovoltaic devices based on mixtures of a low bandgap polymer, poly[2,6‐(4,4‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐4H‐cyclopenta[2,1‐b;3,4‐b′]‐dithiophene)‐alt‐4,7‐(2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT) and [6,6]‐phenyl C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). The evolution of the morphology during the evaporation of the mixed solvent, which comprises additive and chlorobenzene (CB), is investigated by in‐situ grazing incidence X‐ray scattering, providing insight into the key role the additive plays in developing a multi‐length‐scale morphology. Provided the additive has a higher vapor pressure and a selective solubility for PCBM, as the host solvent (CB) evaporates, the mixture of the primary solvent and additive becomes less favorable for the PCPDTBT, while completely solubilizing the PCBM. During this process, the PCPDTBT first crystallizes into fibrils and then the PCBM, along with the remaining PCPDTBT, is deposited, forming a phase‐separated morphology comprising domains of pure, crystalline PCPDTBT fibrils and another domain that is a PCBM‐rich mixture with amorphous PCPDTBT. X‐ray/neutron scattering and diffraction methods, in combination with UV–vis absorption spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, are used to determine the crystallinity and phase separation of the resultant PCPDTBT/PCBM thin films processed with or without additives. Additional thermal annealing is carried out and found to change the packing of the PCPDTBT. The two factors, degree of crystallinity and degree of phase separation, control the multi‐length‐scale morphology of the thin films and significantly influence device performance.