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51.
Behavioural synchronization of large‐scale animal movements – disperse alone,but migrate together?
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Julien Cote Greta Bocedi Lucie Debeffe Magda E. Chudzińska Helene C. Weigang Calvin Dytham Georges Gonzalez Erik Matthysen Justin Travis Michel Baguette A. J. Mark Hewison 《Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society》2017,92(3):1275-1296
Dispersal and migration are superficially similar large‐scale movements, but which appear to differ in terms of inter‐individual behavioural synchronization. Seasonal migration is a striking example of coordinated behaviour, enabling animal populations to track spatio‐temporal variation in ecological conditions. By contrast, for dispersal, while social context may influence an individual's emigration and settlement decisions, transience is believed to be mostly a solitary behaviour. Here, we review differences in drivers that may explain why migration appears to be more synchronized than dispersal. We derive the prediction that the contrast in the importance of behavioural synchronization between dispersal and migration is linked to differences in the selection pressures that drive their respective evolution. Although documented examples of collective dispersal are rare, this behaviour may be more common than currently believed, with important consequences for eco‐evolutionary dynamics. Crucially, to date, there is little available theory for predicting when we should expect collective dispersal to evolve, and we also lack empirical data to test predictions across species. By reviewing the state of the art in research on migration and collective movements, we identify how we can harness these advances, both in terms of theory and data collection, to broaden our understanding of synchronized dispersal and its importance in the context of global change. 相似文献
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Blake Ushijima Patrick Videau Andrew H. Burger Amanda Shore-Maggio Christina M. Runyon Mareike Sudek Greta S. Aeby Sean M. Callahan 《Applied and environmental microbiology》2014,80(7):2102-2109
Identification of a pathogen is a critical first step in the epidemiology and subsequent management of a disease. A limited number of pathogens have been identified for diseases contributing to the global decline of coral populations. Here we describe Vibrio coralliilyticus strain OCN008, which induces acute Montipora white syndrome (aMWS), a tissue loss disease responsible for substantial mortality of the coral Montipora capitata in Kāne‘ohe Bay, Hawai‘i. OCN008 was grown in pure culture, recreated signs of disease in experimentally infected corals, and could be recovered after infection. In addition, strains similar to OCN008 were isolated from diseased coral from the field but not from healthy M. capitata. OCN008 repeatedly induced the loss of healthy M. capitata tissue from fragments under laboratory conditions with a minimum infectious dose of between 107 and 108 CFU/ml of water. In contrast, Porites compressa was not infected by OCN008, indicating the host specificity of the pathogen. A decrease in water temperature from 27 to 23°C affected the time to disease onset, but the risk of infection was not significantly reduced. Temperature-dependent bleaching, which has been observed with the V. coralliilyticus type strain BAA-450, was not observed during infection with OCN008. A comparison of the OCN008 genome to the genomes of pathogenic V. coralliilyticus strains BAA-450 and P1 revealed similar virulence-associated genes and quorum-sensing systems. Despite this genetic similarity, infections of M. capitata by OCN008 do not follow the paradigm for V. coralliilyticus infections established by the type strain. 相似文献
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Roberta Davoli Greta Gandolfi Silvia Braglia Marco Comella Paolo Zambonelli Luca Buttazzoni Vincenzo Russo 《Molecular biology reports》2011,38(3):1575-1583
PLIN2 (perilipin 2) is a cytosolic protein that promotes the formation and stabilization of the intracellular lipid droplets,
organelles involved in the storage of lipid depots. Porcine PLIN2 gene represents a biological and positional candidate for fat deposition, a polygenic trait that affects carcass and meat
quality. The aim of the present study was to screen PLIN2 gene for polymorphisms, to evaluate the association with carcass quality traits, and to investigate the gene expression in
skeletal muscle. Six new single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were detected by sequencing 32 samples from five pig breeds
(Italian Large White, Italian Duroc, Italian Landrace, Belgian Landrace, Pietrain). Two SNP localized in introns, two in the
3′-untranslated region (UTR), and two missense SNP were found in exons. A 3′-UTR mutation (GU461317:g.98G>A), genotyped in
290 Italian Duroc pigs by High Resolution Melting, resulted significantly associated (P < 0.01) with average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, lean cuts and hams weight estimated breeding values. PLIN2 gene expression analysis in skeletal muscle of Italian Large White and Italian Duroc pigs divergent for backfat thickness
and visible intermuscular fat showed a trend of higher expression level in pigs with higher intermuscular fat. These results
suggest that PLIN2 can be a marker for carcass quality in pigs. Further investigation at both gene and protein level could elucidate its role
on fat deposition. 相似文献
55.
Sulfhydryl oxidases have found application in the improvement of both dairy and baking products due to their ability to oxidise
thiol groups in small molecules and cysteine residues in proteins. A genome mining study of the available fungal genomes had
previously been performed by our group in order to identify novel sulfhydryl oxidases suitable for industrial applications
and a representative enzyme was produced, AoSOX1 from Aspergillus oryzae (Faccio et al. BMC Biochem 11:31, 2010). As a result of the study, a second gene coding for a potentially secreted sulfhydryl oxidase, AoSOX2, was identified in
the genome of A. oryzae. The protein AoSOX2 was heterologously expressed in Trichoderma reesei and characterised with regard to both biochemical properties as well as preliminary structural analysis. AoSOX2 showed activity
on dithiothreitol and glutathione, and to a lesser extent on D/L-cysteine and beta-mercaptoethanol. AoSOX2 was a homodimeric
flavin-dependent protein of approximately 78 kDa (monomer 42412 Da) and its secondary structure presents alpha-helical elements.
A. oryzae AoSOX2 showed a significant stability to pH and temperature. 相似文献
56.
Garrido G Rabasa A Sánchez B López MV Blanco R López A Hernández DR Pérez R Fernández LE 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》2011,187(10):4954-4966
Despite promising results in the use of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) Abs for cancer therapy, several issues remain to be addressed. An increasing emphasis is being placed on immune effector mechanisms. It has become clear for other Abs directed to tumor targets that their effects involve the adaptive immunity, mainly by the contribution of Fc region-mediated mechanisms. Given the relevance of EGFR signaling for tumor biology, we wonder whether the oncogene inhibition could contribute to Ab-induced vaccine effect. In a mouse model in which 7A7 (an anti-murine EGFR Ab) and AG1478 (an EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor) displayed potent antimetastatic activities, depletion experiments revealed that only in the case of the Ab, the effect was dependent on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Correspondingly, 7A7 administration elicited a remarkable tumor-specific CTL response in hosts. Importantly, experiments using 7A7 F(ab')(2) suggested that in vivo Ab-mediated EGFR blockade may play an important role in the linkage with adaptive immunity. Addressing the possible mechanism involved in this effect, we found quantitative and qualitative differences between 7A7 and AG1478-induced apoptosis. EGFR blocking by 7A7 not only prompted a higher proapoptotic effect on tumor metastases compared with AG1478, but also was able to induce apoptosis with immunogenic potential in an Fc-independent manner. As expected, 7A7 but not AG1478 stimulated exposure of danger signals on tumor cells. Subcutaneous injection of 7A7-treated tumor cells induced an antitumor immune response. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of a tumor-specific CTL response generated by Ab-mediated EGFR inhibition, suggesting an important contribution of immunogenic apoptosis to this effect. 相似文献
57.
We performed histological examination of 69 samples of Acropora sp. manifesting different types of tissue loss (Acropora White Syndrome-AWS) from Hawaii, Johnston Atoll and American Samoa between 2002 and 2006. Gross lesions of tissue loss were observed and classified as diffuse acute, diffuse subacute, and focal to multifocal acute to subacute. Corals with acute tissue loss manifested microscopic evidence of necrosis sometimes associated with ciliates, helminths, fungi, algae, sponges, or cyanobacteria whereas those with subacute tissue loss manifested mainly wound repair. Gross lesions of AWS have multiple different changes at the microscopic level some of which involve various microorganisms and metazoa. Elucidating this disease will require, among other things, monitoring lesions over time to determine the pathogenesis of AWS and the potential role of tissue-associated microorganisms in the genesis of tissue loss. Attempts to experimentally induce AWS should include microscopic examination of tissues to ensure that potentially causative microorganisms associated with gross lesion are not overlooked. 相似文献
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Summary The ultrastructure of T. antarctica var. antarctica vegetative and resting stages are compared using light and transmission electron microscopy. Resting spores contain noticeably more lipid reserves than do vegetative cells. Numerous mitochondria and generally fewer numbers of other organelles are eliminated from spores into an abortive daughter cell when the spore formation division sequence is terminated. The remaining spore contents are a compact arrangement of organelles with lipid bodies predominating. These two stages are thus ultrastructurally distinct, and differences in their chemical composition can be manifested as cytological modifications. 相似文献