Variability and adaptability of Miscanthus species evaluated for energy crop domestication

A growing body of evidence indicates that second‐generation energy crops can play an important role in the development of renewable energy and the mitigation of climate change. However, dedicated energy crops have yet to be domesticated in order to fully realize their productive potential under unfavorable soil and climatic conditions. To explore the possibility of domesticating Miscanthus crops in northern China where marginal and degraded land is abundant, we conducted common garden experiments at multiple locations to evaluate variation and adaptation of three Miscanthus species that are likely to serve as the wild progenitors of the energy crops. A total of 93 populations of Miscanthus sinensis, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, and Miscanthus lutarioriparius were collected across their natural distributional ranges in China and grown in three locations that represent temperate grassland with cold winter, the semiarid Loess Plateau, and relatively warm and wet central China. Evaluated with growth traits such as plant height, tiller number, tiller diameter, and flowering time, the Miscanthus species showed high levels of genetic variation within and between species. There were significant site × population interactions for almost all traits of M. sacchariflorus and M. sinensis, but not M. lutarioriparius. The northern populations of M. sacchariflorus had the highest establishment rates at the most northern site owing to their strong cold tolerance. An endemic species in central China, M. lutarioriparius, produced not only the highest biomass of the three species but also higher biomass at the Loess Plateau than the southern site near its native habitats. These results demonstrated that the wild species harbored a high level of genetic variation underlying traits important for crop establishment and production at sites that are colder and drier than their native habitats. The natural variation and adaptive plasticity found in the Miscanthus species indicated that they could provide valuable resources for the development of second‐generation energy crops.     

二氧化氯浸泡对双孢蘑菇褐变的抑制效应及其机理分析

以‘W2000’双孢蘑菇为试验材料,设清水(CK)和ClO2浸泡(120mg·L-1)2个处理,研究ClO2浸泡处理在低温贮藏条件下对双孢蘑菇采后品质、生理及相关酶活性的影响。结果显示:ClO2浸泡处理配合0℃低温贮藏可显著降低双孢蘑菇的呼吸强度,推迟呼吸高峰的出现时间,呼吸强度较CK降低29.2%,并使呼吸高峰推迟5d出现;同时能够有效抑制子实体多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,控制酚类氧化产物的积累,减缓子实体褐化进程,贮藏20d时,处理的总酚含量仅为0.81μmol/mg。另外,ClO2处理还可延缓子实体硬度的下降,保持其可溶性固形物的含量,并抑制开伞,有效延长双孢蘑菇的贮藏期。研究表明,ClO2处理+低温贮藏对双孢蘑菇具有较理想的保鲜效应,可有效保持双孢蘑菇的外观和营养品质,提高商品价值,具有一定的实际应用价值。     

STUDY OF THE PEPPER PEST GENUS, LANKA MAULIK, AND DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES FROM CHINA (COLEOPTERA,CHRYSOMELIDAE, ALTICINAE)

突顶跳甲属L.anka Maulik此前已知17种,分布于中国云南,台湾及日本,越南,泰国,老挝,斯里兰卡和印度,是一个典型的东洋区分布属,在印度是胡椒属植物的重要害虫.又记述2新种:栗褐突顶跳甲Lanka puncticolla Wang et Ge,sp.nov.,产自云南西双版纳;律点突顶跳甲Lanka regularia Wang et Ge,sp.nov..产自西藏墨脱.至此,该属已知种增至19种,其中中国5种.列出了全部已知种名录、产地、寄主、检索表、部分种的雄虫阳茎图,记述了新种,绘制其整体图和特征图等.新种模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所.     

NEW RECORD GENUS MICROCREPIS CHEN FROM CHINA, AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES ( COLEOPTERA, CHRYSOMELIDAE,ALTICINAE)

记述了中国1新纪录属喜山跳甲属Microcrepis Chen及1新种M.laevigata Wang et Ge,sp.nov.,模式产地为云南泸水.该属此前已记录9种,均分布于喜马拉雅山脉高海拔地区,是个典型的高山型属,我国一直无分布报道.本文给出了该属世界已知10种的名录、分布、检索表及新种记述.新种模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所.     

头部位移检测法动物悬尾实验仪的研制

采用红外传感、激光定位、51系列单片微机控制和记忆等技术,研制一种检测动物悬尾特性的仪器,用于药物研究中的动物悬尾实验。经30例小鼠实验证明,效果良好,该仪器为动物悬尾实验提供了一种全新的先进方法。     

种群密度和培养体积对发头裸腹溞生长和繁殖的影响

研究了不同培养密度(D1=100 ind·L-1,D2=150 ind·L-1,D3 =300 ind·L-1)和培养体积(V1 =50 mL,V2=100 mL,V3 =400 mL)对发头裸腹溞生长和生殖的影响.结果表明:在相同培养密度下,发头裸腹溞首次怀卵体长、雌体第一窝幼溞数和后代总数均随着培养体积的增大而减少,而雌体所产后代的性比(雄体∶雌体)随着培养体积的增大而增大.在相同培养体积下,雌体产出后代总数随着培养密度的增加而减少.雌体最大首次怀卵体长(0.95±0.10 mm)和最大后代总数(171.3±19.8 ind)均出现在D1V1组合,最大性比(0.54±0.05)出现在D3V2组合.培养密度和培养体积及其协同作用对发头裸腹溞雌体后代总数、后代性比均具有显著影响(P＜0.001).     

鱼类对重金属胁迫的分子反应机理

水体中浓度超标的重金属对鱼类的正常生命活动产生了严重影响,甚至导致鱼类的死亡.鱼体受重金属离子胁迫时体内会产生一系列相关基因的表达变化,并合成相关的蛋白和酶,如热激蛋白、金属硫蛋白、转运铁蛋白、谷胱甘肽转移酶、过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶等以应对重金属对机体产生的危害.这是生物体对环境的一种应激保护性反应,是生物体对周围环境中过量重金属的一种防御性机制.通过鱼类在重金属胁迫下组织中相关基因的表达可以从分子水平上来阐述有毒物质对鱼体产生的影响.综述了重金属离子胁迫下鱼类机体的分子反应机理.     

一期前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定术治疗短节段腰椎结核

目的:对比观察一期前路病灶清除减压植骨融合内固定术与分期前后路联合手术针对短节段腰椎结核的疗效.方法:抽取兰州军区兰州总医院骨科中心脊柱外科30例住院治疗短节段腰椎结核的患者,随机化分为两组,每组15例,分别施行一期前路病灶清除减压植骨融合内固定术和分期前后联合手术,观察比较两组术前、术后6个月、12个月、18个月Frankle神经功能分级,术后12个月及18个月Birdwell植骨融合分级.结果:试验组及对照组术前、术后6个月Frankle分级差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组间术后6个月,术后12个月Frankle分级差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组间术后18个月Frankle分级差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组间术后12个月Birdwell分级差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),而两组间术后18个月Birdwell分级差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).随访期间,对照组有两例发生断钉.结论:一期前路病灶清除、植骨融合内固定术治疗脊柱结核,病灶清除彻底、融合率高,远期效果良好,复发率低并能够最大限度恢复脊柱生物力学稳定性.具有重要的临床应用价值.     

Phylogeographic studies of plants in China: Advances in the past and directions in the future

<正>Phylogeography has been one major focus of evolutionary biology in recent years,with many important advances in Chinese species.In this issue,we collected 11 phylogeographic studies of plants by Chinese laboratories. We further synthesized the main findings and patterns emerging from these and previous phylogeographic studies in China and asked where phylogeographic research should be directed in the coming years.Numerous examples have shown that phylogeographic patterns in China did not show an expected expansion-contraction pattern at large scale, mirroring the geological records showing that no unified ice sheet had developed in China during the Quaternary Period.Instead,regional expansions and intraspecific divergences are very common in most studied species during the Quaternary oscillations.Different intraspecific lineages or alleles(haplotypes) were detected in multiple localized refugia,from where regional or local expansions are likely to have started.Hybridizations and introgressions are frequent between intraspecific lineages or between different species.We also reviewed computational methods for phylogeographic analyses.Despite the great progress made in recent years,there remains much to discover about the spatial-temporal dimensions and underlying speciation mechanisms of Chinese plants.Phylogeographic studies represent a key knot that connects the genus phylogeny(macroevolution) and speciation and adaptation (microevolution).Therefore,we advocate that:(i) phylogeographic studies of plants in China should be directed to the closely related species or a monophyletic group(for example,a genus or a section) in the coming years;and (ii) population genetic data based on direct sequencing multiple loci,especially those from nuclear genome and statistical tests should be widely adopted and enforced.The recovered intraspecific divergences and phylogeographic patterns of multiple-species may allow us to better understand the high plant diversity in China and set up concrete hypotheses for studying plant speciation and diversification mechanisms in this region.