全文获取类型
收费全文 | 396篇 |
免费 | 32篇 |
专业分类
428篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 3篇 |
2021年 | 3篇 |
2019年 | 4篇 |
2018年 | 4篇 |
2017年 | 5篇 |
2016年 | 3篇 |
2015年 | 14篇 |
2014年 | 17篇 |
2013年 | 27篇 |
2012年 | 33篇 |
2011年 | 17篇 |
2010年 | 22篇 |
2009年 | 19篇 |
2008年 | 23篇 |
2007年 | 15篇 |
2006年 | 27篇 |
2005年 | 14篇 |
2004年 | 18篇 |
2003年 | 15篇 |
2002年 | 6篇 |
2001年 | 5篇 |
2000年 | 7篇 |
1999年 | 5篇 |
1998年 | 11篇 |
1996年 | 3篇 |
1995年 | 4篇 |
1994年 | 5篇 |
1993年 | 5篇 |
1992年 | 9篇 |
1991年 | 5篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1989年 | 6篇 |
1988年 | 5篇 |
1987年 | 4篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 4篇 |
1983年 | 2篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 7篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1976年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1973年 | 2篇 |
1972年 | 2篇 |
1971年 | 3篇 |
1969年 | 2篇 |
1968年 | 4篇 |
1967年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有428条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
Seale AP Richman NH Hirano T Cooke I Grau EG 《American journal of physiology. Cell physiology》2003,284(5):C1280-C1289
In thetilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), as in many euryhalineteleost fish, prolactin (PRL) plays a central role in freshwater adaptation, acting on osmoregulatory surfaces to reduce ion and waterpermeability and increase solute retention. Consistent with theseactions, PRL release is stimulated as extracellular osmolality isreduced both in vivo and in vitro. In the current experiments, aperfusion system utilizing dispersed PRL cells was developed forpermitting the simultaneous measurement of cell volume and PRL release.Intracellular Ca2+ was monitored using fura 2-loaded cellsunder the same conditions. When PRL cells were exposed to hyposmoticmedium, an increase in PRL cell volume preceded the increase in PRLrelease. Cell volume increased in proportion to decreases of 15 and30% in osmolality. However, regulatory volume decrease was clearlyseen only after a 30% reduction. The hyposmotically induced PRLrelease was sharply reduced in Ca2+-deleted hyposmoticmedium, although cell volume changes were identical to those observedin normal hyposmotic medium. In most cells, a rise in intracellularCa2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i)during hyposmotic stimulation was dependent on the availability ofextracellular Ca2+, although small transient increases in[Ca2+]i were sometimes observed uponintroduction of Ca2+-deleted media of the same or reducedosmolality. These results indicate that an increase in cell size is acritical step in the transduction of an osmotic signal into PRL releaseand that the hyposmotically induced increase in PRL release is greatlydependent on extracellular Ca2+. 相似文献
32.
Rat ghrelin stimulates growth hormone and prolactin release in the tilapia,Oreochromis mossambicus 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Recently, ghrelin (Ghr), a new peptide which specifically stimulates growth hormone (GH) release from the pituitary, was identified in the rat and human stomach. Ghrelin has been shown to stimulate GH release by acting through a growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) receptor in the rat. The present study describes the in vitro effect of rat Ghr on the release of GH and two forms of prolactin (PRL(177) and PRL(188)) in the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Rat Ghr stimulated the release of GH in a dose-related manner after 8 and 24 hr of incubation. Rat Ghr also significantly stimulated the release of PRL(177) and PRL(188) in a dose-related manner after 24 hr. Rat Ghr had no effect on the pituitary content of GH or PRL(188), but significantly increased PRL(177) content. These results show for the first time that rat Ghr significantly stimulates GH and PRL release in teleosts, and suggest that Ghr and a GHS receptor are present in fish. 相似文献
33.
Sparks RT Shepherd BS Ron B Harold Richman N Riley LG Iwama GK Hirano T Gordon Grau E 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology》2003,136(4):657-665
Effects of environmental salinity and 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) on growth and oxygen consumption were examined in the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Yolk-sac fry were collected from brood stock in fresh water (FW). After yolk-sac absorption, they were assigned randomly to one of four groups: FW, MT treatment in FW, seawater (SW) and MT treatment in SW. All treatment groups were fed to satiation three times daily. The fish reared in SW (both control and MT-treated groups) grew significantly larger than either group in FW from day 43 throughout the experiment (195 days). The fish fed with MT added to their feed grew significantly larger than their respective controls from day 85 in FW and in SW until the end of the experiment. The routine metabolic rate (RMR) was determined monthly from month 2 (day 62) to month 5 (day 155). A significant negative correlation was seen between RMR and body mass in all treatment groups. Among fish of the same age, the SW-reared tilapia had significantly lower RMRs than the FW-reared fish. The MT-treated fish in SW showed significantly lower RMRs than the SW control group at months 3–5, whereas MT treatment in FW significantly increased the RMR at month 3. Comparison of regression lines between RMR and body mass indicates that MT treatment in FW caused a significant increase in oxygen consumption at a given mass of the fish, whereas MT treatment was without effect on RMR in SW-reared fish. These results clearly indicate that SW-rearing and MT treatment accelerate growth of tilapia, and that RMR decreases as fish size increased. It is also likely that the increased RMR and growth in MT-treated tilapia in FW may be due to the metabolic actions of MT, although the reason for the absence of MT treatment in SW is unclear. 相似文献
34.
A biophysical study of the interaction of the lipopeptide antibiotic iturin A with aqueous phospholipid bilayers 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Grau A Ortiz A de Godos A Gómez-Fernández JC 《Archives of biochemistry and biophysics》2000,377(2):315-323
Iturin A is a lipopeptide extracted from the culture media of Bacillus subtilis which shows a strong antifungal action. The interaction of iturin A with multilamellar vesicles of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) induced structures which did not sediment during centrifugation. Electron microscopy after negative staining showed that, at 30 mol%, iturin A/DMPC vesicles were visible but smaller than those formed by pure DMPC. Thermograms of DMPC/iturinA obtained after differential scanning calorimetry, at low concentrations of iturin A, were interpreted as indicating the presence of two laterally separated phases, one formed by pure phospholipid and the other by lipopeptide-phospholipid complexes, these two separated phases being already detected even at low concentrations such as 2 mol%. Fluorescence quenching experiments showed that the D-Tyr residue of the lipopeptide was fully accessible to the aqueous medium, indicating that the polar part of iturin A is located outside of the membrane hydrophobic palisade. It was concluded that the membrane barrier properties are likely to be damaged in the area where the lipid complexes are accumulated, due to structural fluctuations, and this may be one of the bases of its biological activity. Iturin-A was also able to greatly destabilize dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DEPE) membranes in the fluid form, producing a new structure which had a poor correlation in X-ray diffraction, and in 31P NMR spectroscopy gave rise to a spectrum containing a double isotropic signal. Iturin A was shown to induce DEPE to adopt phases other than H(II) inverted hexagonal, underlining that this lipopeptide is capable of modifying the curvature of the membrane, which may also be important in explaining the tendency of iturin A to create small vesicles and which may be another of the bases of its biological activity. 相似文献
35.
Ghrelin is a gut-brain peptide synthesized mainly in the oxyntic mucosal cells of the stomach, and has potent growth hormone (GH)-releasing and orexigenic activities. Recently, two forms of ghrelin, ghrelin-C8 and -C10, were identified in the Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). The present study describes in vitro and in vivo effects of these endogenous ghrelins on the GH/insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis. Ghrelin-C8 (100 nM) stimulated GH release from primary cultures of pituitary cells after 4 and 8 h of incubation, whereas no effect was seen on prolactin (PRL) release. Stimulatory effects of ghrelin-C8 and -C10 (100 nM) on GH release during 6 h of incubation were blocked by pre-incubation with GHS receptor antagonist, [D-Lys(3)]-GHRP-6 (10 microM). Intraperitoneal injection of ghrelin-C8 (1 ng/g body weight) and -C10 (0.1 and 1 ng/g body weight) significantly increased plasma GH levels after 5 h. Significant increases were observed also in hepatic expression of IGF-I and GH receptor (GHR) mRNA following injections of both forms of ghrelin (0.1 and 1 ng/g body weight), although there was no effect on plasma levels of IGF-I. In the next experiment, both forms of ghrelin (1 ng/g body weight) significantly increased plasma IGF-I levels 10 h after the injection. No significant effect of either ghrelin was observed on plasma PRL levels. Both forms of GHS receptor (GHSR-1a and -1b) were found in the pituitary, clearly indicating that tilapia ghrelins stimulate primarily GH release through the GHS receptor. Stimulation of hepatic expression of IGF-I and GHR suggests metabolic roles of ghrelin in tilapia. 相似文献
36.
Surfactin, an acidic lipopeptide produced by various strains of Bacillus subtilis, behaves as a very powerful biosurfactant and posses several other interesting biological activities. By means of differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction the effect of surfactin on the phase transition properties of bilayers composed of different phospholipids, including lipids forming hexagonal-HII phases, has been studied. The interactions of surfactin with phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol seem to be optimal in the case of myristoyl acyl chains, which have a similar length to the surfactin hydrocarbon tail. Data are shown that support formation of complexes of surfactin with phospholipids. The ionized form of surfactin seems to be more deeply inserted into negatively charged bilayers when Ca2+ is present, also supporting the formation of surfactin-Ca2+ complexes. In mixtures with dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine, a hexagonal-HII phase forming lipid, surfactin displays a bilayer stabilizing effect. Our results are compatible with the marked amphiphilic nature of surfactin and may contribute to explain some of its interesting biological actions; for instance the formation of ion-conducting pores in membranes. 相似文献
37.
Latitudinal and altitudinal patterns of plant community diversity on mountain summits across the tropical Andes 下载免费PDF全文
Francisco Cuesta Priscilla Muriel Luis Daniel Llambí Stephan Halloy Nikolay Aguirre Stephan Beck Julieta Carilla Rosa Isela Meneses Soledad Cuello Alfredo Grau Luis E. Gámez Javier Irazábal Jorge Jácome Ricardo Jaramillo Lirey Ramírez Natalia Samaniego David Suárez‐Duque Natali Thompson Alfredo Tupayachi Paul Viñas Karina Yager María T. Becerra Harald Pauli William D. Gosling 《Ecography》2017,40(12):1381-1394
The high tropical Andes host one of the richest alpine floras of the world, with exceptionally high levels of endemism and turnover rates. Yet, little is known about the patterns and processes that structure altitudinal and latitudinal variation in plant community diversity. Herein we present the first continental‐scale comparative study of plant community diversity on summits of the tropical Andes. Data were obtained from 792 permanent vegetation plots (1 m2) within 50 summits, distributed along a 4200 km transect; summit elevations ranged between 3220 and 5498 m a.s.l. We analyzed the plant community data to assess: 1) differences in species abundance patterns in summits across the region, 2) the role of geographic distance in explaining floristic similarity and 3) the importance of altitudinal and latitudinal environmental gradients in explaining plant community composition and richness. On the basis of species abundance patterns, our summit communities were separated into two major groups: Puna and Páramo. Floristic similarity declined with increasing geographic distance between study‐sites, the correlation being stronger in the more insular Páramo than in the Puna (corresponding to higher species turnover rates within the Páramo). Ordination analysis (CCA) showed that precipitation, maximum temperature and rock cover were the strongest predictors of community similarity across all summits. Generalized linear model (GLM) quasi‐Poisson regression indicated that across all summits species richness increased with maximum air temperature and above‐ground necromass and decreased on summits where scree was the dominant substrate. Our results point to different environmental variables as key factors for explaining vertical and latitudinal species turnover and species richness patterns on high Andean summits, offering a powerful tool to detect contrasting latitudinal and altitudinal effects of climate change across the tropical Andes. 相似文献
38.
P. A. Donald P. E. Pierson S. K. St. Martin P. R. Sellers G. R. Noel A. E. MacGuidwin J. Faghihi V. R. Ferris C. R. Grau D. J. Jardine H. Melakeberhan T. L. Niblack W. C. Stienstra G. L. Tylka T. A. Wheeler D. S. Wysong 《Journal of nematology》2006,38(1):76-82
The soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines (SCN) is of major economic importance and widely distributed throughout soybean production regions of the United States where different maturity groups with the same sources of SCN resistance are grown. The objective of this study was to assess SCN-resistant and -susceptible soybean yield responses in infested soils across the north-central region. In 1994 and 1995, eight SCN-resistant and eight SCN-susceptible public soybean cultivars representing maturity groups (MG) I to IV were planted in 63 fields, either infested or noninfested, in 10 states in the north-central United States. Soil samples were taken to determine initial SCN population density and race, and soil classification. Data were grouped for analysis by adaptation based on MG zones. Soybean yields were 658 to 3,840 kg/ha across the sites. Soybean cyst nematode-resistant cultivars yielded better at SCN-infested sites but lost this superiority to susceptible soybean cultivars at noninfested sites. Interactions were observed among initial SCN population density, cultivar, and location. This study showed that no region-wide predictive equations could be developed for yield loss based on initial nematode populations in the soil and that yield loss due to SCN in our region was greatly confounded by other stress factors, which included temperature and moisture extremes. 相似文献
39.
40.
Woo Hwi Yang Oliver Heine Sebastian Pauly Pilsang Kim Wilhelm Bloch Joachim Mester Marijke Grau 《PloS one》2015,10(4)