Climatic modifiers of the response to nitrogen deposition in peat-forming Sphagnum mosses: a meta-analysis

Peatlands in the northern hemisphere have accumulated more atmospheric carbon (C) during the Holocene than any other terrestrial ecosystem, making peatlands long-term C sinks of global importance. Projected increases in nitrogen (N) deposition and temperature make future accumulation rates uncertain. Here, we assessed the impact of N deposition on peatland C sequestration potential by investigating the effects of experimental N addition on Sphagnum moss. We employed meta-regressions to the results of 107 field experiments, accounting for sampling dependence in the data. We found that high N loading (comprising N application rate, experiment duration, background N deposition) depressed Sphagnum production relative to untreated controls. The interactive effects of presence of competitive vascular plants and high tissue N concentrations indicated intensified biotic interactions and altered nutrient stochiometry as mechanisms underlying the detrimental N effects. Importantly, a higher summer temperature (mean for July) and increased annual precipitation intensified the negative effects of N. The temperature effect was comparable to an experimental application of almost 4 g?N m(-2) yr(-1) for each 1°C increase. Our results indicate that current rates of N deposition in a warmer environment will strongly inhibit C sequestration by Sphagnum-dominated vegetation.     

脂肪酶高产菌株选育和菌种库的建立

从山东省济南市植物油厂、肉联厂、乳品厂、菜市场等处的含油土壤中分离筛选到80余株脂肪酶活性较高的产生菌,包括细菌、霉菌、酵母等各种类型,我们对其中的部分菌株进行了形态学及酶学性质的初步研究。一株酶活较高的菌株Y-11经鉴定为丝孢酵母属（Trichosporon）,用紫外线及亚硝酸对其进行了双重诱变、然后用制霉菌素及琥珀酸钠筛选耐药性突变株,使酶活提高155%,并将筛选到的菌株建立一个能够产生各具特色的脂肪酶的菌种库,为今后进一步开展脂肪酶应用研究打下基础。     

Epizootiology of Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of salmonid whirling disease in the Rock Creek drainage of west-central Montana

Whirling disease, caused by the myxozoan parasite Myxobolus cerebralis, remains a health threat to salmonid fish in the western United States. Although various aspects of this host-parasite system have been studied, investigations examining the overall epizootiology of whirling disease in an ecosystem are lacking. Therefore, in June 1998, studies were initiated in the Rock Creek watershed of west-central Montana and continued through 2003 to assess the intensity of infection in trout using sentinel cages stationed throughout the drainage. Additional studies determined the percentage of the annelid worm, Tubifex tubifex, releasing M. cerebralis at various localities in Rock Creek and whether there was a seasonal or daily periodicity in the release of the triactinomyxon stage of the parasite from T. tubifex. Lastly, habitat and water quality parameters, and the effects of habitat restoration on transmission of M. cerebralis, were assessed. Overall, the intensity of M. cerebralis infections in sentinel trout increased significantly throughout the drainage between June of 1998 and 2003, with the biggest jump occurring between 1998 and 1999. In addition, the range of M. cerebralis expanded considerably over the period of study. There was no strict correlation between habitat condition and the occurrence of the parasite; fish became heavily infected in optimal and marginal habitats. However, fish exposed at a locality that had the lowest habitat ranking consistently had the highest intensity of infection. The parasite has apparently caused a dramatic decline in rainbow trout densities, but the brown trout population numbers have increased, and the overall fish density remains high. Although a major habitat restoration project did not seem to have an effect on decreasing disease intensity, this was not surprising because the restored area was located just downstream from a "hotspot" of infected T. tubifex.     

激素型肾阳虚动物肝线粒体蛋白质组与能量代谢相关性

应用凝胶内差异显示电泳技术研究肾阳虚大鼠肝线粒体蛋白质组,并从肝线粒体蛋白质组角度阐述肾阳虚与能量代谢的关系.8个分别来自于肾阳虚大鼠和正常大鼠的肝线粒体蛋白质样品(各4个)分别用荧光染料Cy3、Cy5标记,以及8个样品等量混合物用Cy2标记作为内标,每一Cy3、Cy5标记样品与Cy2标记的内标等量混合后在同一胶中进行电泳分离,经不同光激发后扫描得到不同样品的蛋白质组图谱.经DeCyder软件结合内标分析,以肾阳虚组动物与正常组动物肝线粒体蛋白质相差1.2倍以上的蛋白作为差异蛋白,实验共获得16个差异蛋白质,经质谱测定和与蛋白质文库比对,鉴定11个蛋白质.其中,肾阳虚动物热休克蛋白60和70、肌氨酸脱氢酶、氨甲酰磷酸合成酶、亚硫酸盐氧化酶、ATP合酶、醛脱氢酶和NADH脱氢酶表达量增加,而丙酮酸脱氢酶、α酮戊二酸脱氢酶、脂酰辅酶A脱氢酶和鸟氨酸氨基转移酶表达量降低.实验表明,肾阳虚动物能量代谢相关酶的变化与肾阳虚的临床虚寒症状有关.     

肾阴虚证的现代研究进展

肾阴虚证是中医学的基本证型之一。对中医证的研究,基本方法是运用现代科技手段,通过动物实验与临床研究,探讨疾病发生后“证”与人体生理变化、病理、生化等客观指标的关系,尝试揭示证的实质。几十年来,不少学者从细胞、分子等水平上对肾阴虚证本质做了深入地研究,并已取得了一定的成果,某些方面已形成了共识。这不仅丰富和发展了传统的中医’肾阴虚理论,而且为肾阴虚证的临床诊断、治疗、预后判断提供了更客观的、更全面的指导作用．．本文从神经内分泌、免疫、微量元素、脂代谢、自由基、细胞因子与介质、基因等方面对肾阴虚证病理生理的客观化研究进展进行了详细地阐述．     

Effects of exogenous interleukin-1β on primary sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni (Trematoda) incubated with plasma and hemocytes from schistosome-susceptible and resistant Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda)

Abstract. The cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mediates interactions of immune and inflammatory cells in mammals. Previous reports also have linked plasma (cell-free hemolymph) levels of IL-1β in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata to resistance against Schistosoma mansoni . In the present study, fluorescent probes were used to study larval schistosome and snail hemocyte viability during in vitro encounters. Hemolymph (plasma and hemocytes) from schistosome-susceptible (M-line) and resistant (13–16-R1) B. glabrata was added to sporocysts of S. mansoni and the viability of hemocytes and parasites was assessed. Next, IL-1β was added to sporocyst-hemolymph samples, the viability of sporocysts and hemocytes determined and then compared to control assays. The number of live sporocysts present after incubation for 1 h with hemolymph from M-line snails was significantly greater than the number seen when hemolymph from 13–16-R1 snails was tested. Nearly all sporocysts survived the 1 h incubation with M-line hemolymph, and most of the hemocytes attached to sporocysts were dead. In contrast, nearly all sporocysts were dead when hemolymph from 13–16-R1 snails was tested, and most attached hemocytes were alive. Addition of IL-1β to M-line hemolymph resulted in a dramatic increase in sporocyst death. Addition of IL-1β to 13–16-R1 hemolymph produced a small but significant increase in the rate of sporocyst death. These results indicate that the concentration of IL-1β present in hemolymph from B. glabrata is directly related to the ability of this snail to kill S. mansoni sporocysts in vitro.     

Sustained Biogeochemical Impacts of Wildfire in a Mountain Lake Catchment

Wild and prescribed fires can cause severe deterioration in water quality, including increases in sediment, nutrients and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Due to the unpredictability of wildfires, few studies have been able to employ before-after, control-intervention experimental designs, or to evaluate fire-induced water-quality changes in the context of long-term datasets. Here, we present data from a lake draining a moorland catchment in the United Kingdom, part of a 22-site, 25 year monitoring network, which experienced a major wildfire in 2011. The main water-quality response was a large, sustained increase in nitrate concentrations, sufficient to raise acidity and aluminium concentrations, effectively reversing over a decade of recovery from the effects of acid deposition. Concurrently, we observed a clear reduction in DOC concentrations, contrasting with prescribed fire studies from similar ecosystems (none based on before-after studies) that have suggested that burning causes DOC to increase. However, data from a downstream water supply reservoir do suggest a fire-induced change in DOC quality towards more soil-derived aromatic organic compounds, and lake sediment data suggest a large increase in particulate organic carbon. We conclude that the biogeochemical responses to wildfire in our moorland catchment were broadly similar to those observed in forest ecosystems elsewhere, but that historically high nitrogen deposition has made the ecosystem particularly susceptible to nitrate leaching and (re-)acidification. The observed reduction in DOC concentrations casts some doubt on the widely held view that prescribed burning in moorland systems has contributed to long-term DOC increases.     

杉木人工林凋落物生态化学计量与土壤有效养分对长期模拟氮沉降的响应

凋落物分解的快慢和养分释放的速度决定了生态系统中土壤有效养分的供应。探讨全球变化条件下森林生态系统凋落物与土壤养分的变化规律,有利于深入认识凋落物-土壤相互作用的养分调控因素,从而揭示生态系统C、N、P循环。通过模拟氮沉降增加试验,分4个水平处理,分别为0、60、120、240 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1)。模拟氮沉降13年后,分析了杉木人工林凋落物中不同组分(落叶、落枝、落果)生态化学计量与土壤有效养分(有效氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾)的关系。结果表明:氮沉降(N1、N2和N3)显著提高了落叶和落枝的N含量,平均增幅分别为35.27%和32.21%;高水平氮沉降(N3)处理显著降低了落叶和落枝的C/N,平均降幅分别为25.95%和22.32%,但N3增加了落枝和落果N/P,平均增幅分别为38.4%和31.7%;氮沉降对凋落物各组分的C、P和C/P均影响不显著。氮沉降处理显著增加了土壤NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N含量,均表现为N3N2N1N0,其中NO_3~--N含量更容易受氮沉降处理的影响,表现为更大的增幅。N2显著增加0—20 cm土层的碱解氮含量,N1显著降低0—20 cm土层的速效钾,但氮沉降对速效磷含量没有影响。凋落物生态化学计量与土壤有效养分之间的Pearson相关和冗余分析(RDA)表明,凋落物生态化学计量与土壤有效养分之间关系紧密,凋落物P含量(蒙特卡罗检验,P=0.018)和C/P比值(P=0.037)对土壤有效养分影响显著。凋落物中C/N比值、C/P比值与土壤有效养分呈显著负相关,其比值越高越不利于土壤有效养分的累积。     

血虚证的现代研究概述

很多学者从血虚证的发病原因、病理、动物模型制作及传统方药等方面在整体、细胞、分子等水平上对血虚证作了深入地研究,在血虚病理变化、动物模型制作及四物汤、当归补血汤等相关方药研究上取得了一定的共识。血虚时,机体造血功能抑制,免疫功能降低,红细胞膜的酶如Na~ 、K~ -ATP酶活性降低,水盐代谢紊乱及细胞内一些信使物质含量异常等。通过放血、化学损伤、放射线损伤等造成血虚证的动物实验研究,人们进一步发现了传统方药对血虚证的治疗作用机制。这些经典方药都能增强机体免疫,促进造血干祖细胞的增殖分化,促进血细胞的生成从而发挥补血作用。这些研究大大丰富和发展了传统的中医血虚理论,为疾病的预防、诊断、治疗、预后判断提供了更客观、更全面的指导。