Microflora of the upper respiratory tract in young children under normal conditions and in respiratory tract diseases. Microbial count of the upper respiratory tract in healthy children and in children with pneumonia

The results of the inoculation of material taken from the anterior section of the nasal cavity and from the pharyngeal mucosa of 50 healthy young children and 298 acute pneumonia patients were analyzed. 23 microbial species were isolated. In the samples taken from the anterior section of the nasal cavity, monocultures were detected in 86 samples and 54 variants of associations including 2-4 species, in 139 samples. In the samples taken from the pharynx, monocultures were detected in 59 samples and 180 variants of associations including 2-6 species, in 282 samples. Differences in the contamination of the nasal cavity and the pharynx in healthy children and in pneumonia patients were revealed. These differences were manifested in the structure of the microflora (monocultures, associations, their composition), the assortment of microbial species and their concentration. In young children with pneumonia the microflora of the upper respiratory tract was found to reflect the severity of acute pneumonia and the intensity of the pathological process in the lungs (uncomplicated, pyodestructive pneumonia, pyodestructive pneumonia with fatal termination, acute purulent pleurisy).     

Changes in the properties of adenylate cyclase from guinea pig lungs in tuberculosis

Changes in the properties of adenylate cyclase from the lungs of tuberculotic guinea pigs were revealed. The number of beta-adrenergic receptors in the lungs was found to be reduced by 30% at the second and by 70% at the third stage of the disease. The degree and the value of Ka for adenylate cyclase activation by isoproterenol remained thereby unchanged. The basal activity of adenylate cyclase was increased by 20% against the control level at the second stage and decreased by 20% at the third stage of the disease. At these periods, the stimulating effects of guanylyl imidodiphosphate, NaF and forskolin on lung adenylate cyclase were diminished. The experimental results point to the significant role of the enzymes of cAMP metabolism and reflect the course of the tuberculosis process in experimental animals.     

Analysis of three-dimensional ciliary beating by means of high-speed stereomicroscopy.

Results are presented on the analysis of three-dimensional motion of compound cilia or cirri in voltage-clamped specimens of the protozoan Stylonychia mytilus. Time series of three-dimensional data were obtained by using the anaxial illumination method for simultaneous recording of stereoscopic video images. Data processing involved the following steps: determination of a reference coordinate system based solely on features present in each stereo-pair; tracing of cirral axes in digitized images, conversion to parameter curves by means of least-squares polynomial approximation, conversion of pairs of two-dimensional data to a series of three-dimensional data; correction for distortion due to projective shortening and conversion to a series of polynomial triplets, and analysis of the periodical components of the motion pattern in the frequency domain. Reconstructed beating cycles show typical differences between hyperpolarization-induced ciliary activity and depolarization-induced ciliary activity. Reconstructions of the motion of the basal segment of a cirrus are in agreement with existing data. Analysis of the curvature and torsion of a cirral axis during beating does not reveal any simple pattern of propagated activity within the axoneme. The return stroke may be subdivided into two phases. First, a curvature peak develops proximally. Secondly, a region with increased torsion arises more distally and spreads out in proximal direction. Both curvature and torsion return to minimal values by the beginning of the power stroke.     

Conformational differences between linear alpha (2----8)-linked homosialooligosaccharides and the epitope of the group B meningococcal polysaccharide

The alpha-(2----8)-linked sialic acid oligosaccharides (NeuAc)n exhibit an unusual degree of heterogeneity in the conformation of their linkages. This was diagnosed by observation in their 13C NMR spectra of an equivalent and unique heterogeneity in the chemical shifts of their anomeric carbons and subsequently confirmed by more comprehensive 1H and 13C NMR studies. In these studies both one-dimensional and two-dimensional experiments were carried out on the trisaccharide (NeuAc)3 and colominic acid. In addition to the unambiguous assignment of the signals in the spectra, these experiments demonstrated that both linkages of (NeuAc)3 differed in conformation from each other and from the inner linkages of colominic acid. The NMR data indicate that these conformational differences extend to both terminal disaccharides of oligosaccharides larger than (NeuAc)5, a result that has considerable physical and biological significance. In the context of the group B meningococcal polysaccharide, it provides an explanation for the conformational epitope of the group B meningococcal polysaccharide, which was proposed on the evidence that (NeuAc)10, larger than the optimum size of an antibody site, was the smallest oligosaccharide able to bind to group B polysaccharide specific antibodies. Because the two terminal disaccharides of (NeuAc)10 differ in conformation to its inner residues, the immunologically functional part of (NeuAc)10 resides in its inner six residues. This number of residues is now consistent with the maximum size of an antibody site.     

Anti-My-26: a monoclonal antibody inhibiting human phagocyte chemiluminescence

Anti-My-26, a mouse monoclonal IgG1 antibody, was raised against human granulocytes and has been shown to inhibit luminol-enhanced, glucose-independent chemiluminescence (CL) of human granulocytes (or monocytes) responding to the soluble secretagogues A23187 or ionomycin (calcium ionophores) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Anti-My-26 inhibition of CL was reversible and was dependent on both secretatogue and monoclonal antibody concentration. This inhibition appeared to be directed at the component of granulocyte CL that is independent of NAD(P)H-oxidase-catalyzed formation of superoxide anion, because neither opsonized zymosan-stimulated CL nor the PMA-induced decrease in NAD (P)H-associated autofluorescence was affected by anti-My-26. In addition, ionomycin, over a wide concentration range, failed to generate any decrease in granulocyte autofluorescence. The A23187-induced CL inhibited by anti-My-26 was correlated with its depression of oxygen consumption. Furthermore, anti-My-26 was not cytotoxic and did not itself induce oxidative metabolism when used as a stimulant. Binding of anti-My-26 to phagocytic cells was not decreased by pre-exposure of cells to either A23187 or PMA. Evidence is presented to suggest that the binding of anti-My-26 to the granulocyte surface inhibits the oxidative response to calcium ionophore and PMA by blocking a common pathway(s) stimulated by these different secretagogues.     

Gentamicin and amikacin repress the growth of Plasmodium falciparum in culture, probably by inhibiting a parasite acid phospholipase

Human erythrocytes were loaded with either gentamicin or amikacin and subsequently infected with the human malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum and grown in culture. Parasite invasion of erythrocytes was unaffected by the drugs, but subsequent development was retarded. The digestion of host cell cytosol in ring-stage parasites was inhibited by the drugs. A substantial acid, Ca2+-independent phospholipase activity could be monitored in parasite cytosol and was found to be inhibited by the drugs. These results imply that phospholipases are involved in the feeding mechanism of the parasite and that gentamicin and amikacin exert their inhibitory activity by affecting these enzymes.