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21.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a janus faced chemical messenger, which, in the recent years, has been the focus of neurobiologists for its involvement in neurodegenerative disorders in particular, Parkinson's disease (PD). Nitric oxide synthase, the key enzyme involved in NO production exists in three known isoforms. The neuronal and inducible isoforms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. These enzymes are subject to complex expressional and functional regulation involving mRNA diversity, phosphorylation and protein interaction. In the recent years, mRNA diversity and polymorphisms have been identified in the NOS isoforms. Some of these genetic variations have been associated with PD, indicating an etiological role for the NOS genes. This review mainly focuses on the NOS genes - their differential regulation and genetic heterogeneity, highlighting their significance in the pathobiology of PD. 相似文献
22.
GK Madhavilatha BV Joseph LK Paul RA Kumar R Hariharan S Mundayoor 《Journal of bacteriology》2012,194(16):4430
We report the annotated genome sequence of two clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolated from Kerala, India. 相似文献
23.
Stephen C. Stearns Diddahally R. Govindaraju Douglas Ewbank Sean G. Byars 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2012,279(1748):4836-4844
Because autosomal genes in sexually reproducing organisms spend on average half their time in each sex, and because the traits that they influence encounter different selection pressures in males and females, the evolutionary responses of one sex are constrained by processes occurring in the other sex. Although intralocus sexual conflict can restrict sexes from reaching their phenotypic optima, no direct evidence currently supports its operation in humans. Here, we show that the pattern of multivariate selection acting on human height, weight, blood pressure and glucose, total cholesterol, and age at first birth differs significantly between males and females, and that the angles between male and female linear (77.8 ± 20.5°) and nonlinear (99.1 ± 25.9°) selection gradients were closer to orthogonal than zero, confirming the presence of sexually antagonistic selection. We also found evidence for intralocus sexual conflict demonstrated by significant changes in the predicted male and female responses to selection of individual traits when cross-sex genetic covariances were included and a significant reduction in the angle between male- and female-predicted responses when cross-sex covariances were included (16.9 ± 15.7°), compared with when they were excluded (87.9 ± 31.6°). We conclude that intralocus sexual conflict constrains the joint evolutionary responses of the two sexes in a contemporary human population. 相似文献
24.
Aruna Govindaraju Alper Uzun LaShonda Robertson Mehmet O Atli Abdullah Kaya Einko Topper Elizabeth A Crate James Padbury Andy Perkins Erdogan Memili 《Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E》2012,10(1):1-10
Background
Degenerative effects of critical regulators of reproduction, the kisspeptin peptides, on cellular aspects of sexually immature male gonads are known but similar information on accessory sex glands remain elusive.Methods
Prepubertal laboratory rats were injected kisspeptin-10 at three different dosage concentrations (10 pg, 1 ng and 1 microgram) for a period of continuous 12 days at the rate of two doses per day. Control rats were maintained in parallel. The day following the end of the experimental period, seminal vesicles were removed and processed for light and electron microscopic examination using the standard methods. DNA damage was estimated by DNA ladder assay and DNA fragmentation assay.Results
The results demonstrated cellular degeneration. Epithelial cell height of seminal vesicles decreased significantly at all doses (P < 0.05). Marked decrease in epithelial folds was readily noticeable, while the lumen was dilated. Ultrastructural changes were characterized by dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex, heterochromatization of nuclei, invagination of nuclear membranes and a decreased number of secretory granules. Percent DNA damage to the seminal vesicle was 19.54 +/- 1.98, 38.06 +/- 2.09 and 58.18 +/- 2.59 at 10 pg, 1 ng and 1 microgram doses respectively.Conclusion
The study reveals that continuous administration of kisspeptin does not lead to an early maturation but instead severe degeneration of sexually immature seminal vesicles. 相似文献25.
This study was designed to evaluate the ability of mice to discriminate cow urinary odor from different reproductive phases, with a view toward detecting the estrous phase. Experiments were also carried out to establish the relationship between androgen and mouse behaviors during estrous detection. Further, the study was also intended to establish the relationship between androgen and behaviors in estrous detection. Bovine urine was collected during estrus and non-estrous periods, i.e., prepubertal, preovulatory, ovulatory, postovulatory, pregnancy, and lactation. Behavioral analyses were carried out in a Y-maze apparatus, in which the mice were acclimatized in before odor-preference tests. The number and duration of visits, and grooming behavior by male responders towards the urine samples, were recorded. Intact male mice showed a higher response towards estrus urine samples than towards non-estrous urine. By contrast, orchidectomized mice failed to discriminate estrous urine, whereas castrated mice treated with testosterone regained the ability to discriminate estrus odor. A higher level of grooming behavior was found in males exposed to estrous urine than to urine of other phases. These results suggest that normal mice have the ability to detect estrus, and that this discriminating ability is androgen dependent. The grooming behavior shown by males in response to estrous urine may be taken as a key parameters in estrous detection. The results further suggest that bovine estrous urine produces specific odors that probably involve both intraspecific and interspecific communication. 相似文献
26.
Cellular quiescence is characterized not only by reduced mitotic and metabolic activity but also by altered gene expression. Growing evidence suggests that quiescence is not merely a basal state but is regulated by active mechanisms. To understand the molecular programme that governs reversible cell cycle exit, we focused on quiescence-related gene expression in a culture model of myogenic cell arrest and activation. Here we report the identification of quiescence-induced genes using a gene-trap strategy. Using a retroviral vector, we generated a library of gene traps in C2C12 myoblasts that were screened for arrest-induced insertions by live cell sorting (FACS-gal). Several independent gene- trap lines revealed arrest-dependent induction of betagal activity, confirming the efficacy of the FACS screen.The locus of integration was identified in 15 lines. In three lines,insertion occurred in genes previously implicated in the control of quiescence, i.e. EMSY - a BRCA2--interacting protein, p8/com1 - a p300HAT -- binding protein and MLL5 - a SET domain protein. Our results demonstrate that expression of chromatin modulatory genes is induced in G0, providing support to the notion that this reversibly arrested state is actively regulated. 相似文献
27.
Racial disparity in spontaneous preterm birth (PTB) between African Americans and Caucasians in the US is unexplained, but
is probably related to differences in amniotic fluid (AF) inflammatory cytokine profiles. Therefore, this study analyzed the
association of 34 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TNF-α and its receptor genes (TNFR1 and TNFR2) with AF TNF-α and soluble TNF receptor (R1 and R2) concentrations in PTB. Samples consisted of African American and Caucasian
cases (PTB), and controls (term birth) for which both cytokine, and maternal and fetal genotype data were available. Analyses
were performed with genotype, case, and maker-status interaction in the model for log transformed cytokine concentrations.
In Caucasians, two interactions between genotype and pregnancy outcome associated with cytokine concentrations, whereas 14
gene variants in African Americans showed interactions with pregnancy outcome, and 13 showed association with genetic markers.
In conclusion, cytokine concentrations in African American preterm births can be partially explained by interactions between
pregnancy outcome, SNPs and infection. This does not appear to be the case in Caucasians. These findings may be important
in understanding disparity in rates of PTB between the two populations.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
28.
K. Yamunarani R. Jaganathan R. Bhaskaran P. Govindaraju R. Velazhahan 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2004,26(3):281-290
Treatment of tomato leaves with aqueous extract (0.5%) of the galls of Quercus infectoria significantly reduced infection from subsequent inoculation with Alternaria solani, the tomato early blight pathogen. When the leaves were challenge-inoculated with A. solani 3 d after application of Q. infectoria gall extract (QIGE), the percent defoliation decreased from 33.6 to 7.3. Two to three day pre-treatment with QIGE reduced
the percent defoliation by 77 percent. The biochemical responses of tomato plants to QIGE were also studied. In tomato plants
treated with QIGE, phenolic content increased rapidly, reached the maximum at 2 d after treatment. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
(PAL) activity increased significantly from 1 d after treatment and the maximum enzyme activity was recorded 2 d after treatment
at which period a 3-fold increase in PAL activity was observed when compared to the control. Peroxidase (PO) activity was
also significantly increased 1 d after treatment and the maximum activity was reached 2 d after treatment. Peroxidase isozyme
analysis indicated that PO-1 was increased dramatically in tomato leaves 1 d after treatment and maintained at the same level
throughout the experimental period of 6 d. When tomato leaves were treated with QIGE, a two-fold increase in chitinase and
β-1,3-glucanase activities was recorded 2 and 3 d respectively, after treatment. The enhanced activities of defense-related
enzymes and elevated levels of phenolics in QIGE-treated tomato plants between 1 and 3 d after treatment suggest that these
induced biochemical defenses may be involved in the suppression of early blight by QIGE. 相似文献
29.
K. Govindaraju M. Toporsian M. E. Ward D. K. Lloyd E. A. Cowley D. H. Eidelman 《Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences》2001,762(2):147-154
We developed a simple capillary electrophoresis (CE) method to measure nitrite and nitrate concentrations in sub-microliter samples of rat airway surface liquid (ASL), a thin (10–30 μm) layer of liquid covering the epithelial cells lining the airways of the lung. The composition of ASL has been poorly defined, in large part because of the small sample volume (1–3 μl per cm2 of epithelium) and difficulty of harvesting ASL. We have used capillary tubes for ASL sample collection, with microanalysis by CE using a 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3), with 0.5 mM spermine as a dynamic flow modifier, and direct UV detection at 214 nm. The limit of detections (LODs), under conditions used, for ASL analysis were 10 μM for nitrate and 30 μM for nitrite (S/N=3). Nitrate and nitrite were also measured in rat plasma. The concentration of nitrate was 102±12 μM in rat ASL and 70±1.0 μM in rat plasma, whereas nitrite was 83±28 μM in rat ASL and below the LOD in rat plasma. After instilling lipopolysaccharide intratracheally to induce increased NO production, the nitrate concentration in ASL increased to 387±16 μM, and to 377±88 μM in plasma. The concentration of nitrite increased to 103±7.0 μM for ASL and 138±17 μM for plasma. 相似文献
30.