Chronic Renal Disease—Some Sociological Aspects of Dialysis and Transplantation

Each year in California more than two thousand persons die of renal disease. Chronic uremia formerly was considered to have a hopeless prognosis. Recently the development of two procedures, chronic maintenance hemodialysis and renal homotransplantation, has offered substantial hope for the salvage of patients who otherwise would die of uremia.     

T4 phage and T4 ghosts inhibit f2 phage replication by different mechanisms

Both T4 phage and DNA-free ghosts inhibit replication of RNA phage f2. Most but not all of the effects by T4 upon f2 growth can be blocked by the addition of rifampicin prior to T4 superinfection; by contrast, the inhibition of f2 synthesis by T4 ghosts cannot be blocked by rifampicin. This indicates that inhibition by intact T4 requires gene function, while inhibition by ghosts does not. There is a small, multiplicity-dependent inhibition by viable T4 on f2 growth in the presence of rifampicin which may be similar to the gene function-independent inhibition by T4 ghosts. With one viable T4 per cell, there appears to be no effect by viable T4 upon f2 growth which does not require T4 gene action. Moreover, increasing multiplicities of viable T4 appear to inhibit T4 replication as well.In the absence of rifampicin, pre-existing f2 single and double-stranded RNA are degraded after superinfection by viable T4, but remain stable after superinfection by ghosts. However, no new f2 RNA is synthesized after superinfection with either. In the presence of rifampicin, f2-specific protein synthesis is largely unaffected by viable T4, but is completely inhibited by ghosts. Both Escherichia coli, as well as f2-speciflc polysomes disappear in the presence of ghosts.We conclude that, at low multiplicities, T4 phage and T4 ghosts inhibit replication of f2 phage, and presumably host syntheses, by different mechanisms.