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81.
The transduction of sodium salts occurs through a variety of mechanisms,
including sodium influx through amiloride-sensitive sodium channels,
anion-dependent sodium movement through intercellular junctions and
unidentified amiloride-insensitive mechanisms. Characterizations of sodium
transport in lingual epithelium mounted in Ussing chambers have focused
almost exclusively on epithelia containing only fungiform taste buds. In
the present study we have investigated sodium transport by measuring
NaCl-induced short-circuit current from lingual epithelia containing
fungiform, foliate, vallate and palatine taste buds in the hamster and the
rat. All areas show measurable sodium transport, yet significant
differences were noted between the epithelia from the rat and the hamster
and among the different epithelia within a single species in terms of
current density, transepithelial resistance and mucosal amiloride
sensitivity. In general, epithelia from the anterior tongue were of a lower
resistance and transported sodium more effectively than from the posterior
tongue. Moreover, fungiform- and vallate-containing epithelia in the rat
had a greater current density than did the corresponding tissues in the
hamster. Amiloride sensitivity also differed between the rat and the
hamster. In the hamster all gustatory areas showed some amiloride
sensitivity, while in the rat the vallate-containing epithelia were devoid
of amiloride- sensitive sodium transport. The results are consistent with
the interpretation that all chemosensitive areas may participate in the
detection of salts but the degree of salt transport and the mechanism of
transport is variable among different lingual epithelia and different
species.
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82.
An empirical adjustment to the likelihood ratio statistic 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
83.
Noncontact dipole effects on channel permeation. III. Anomalous proton conductance effects in gramicidin 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
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LR Phillips CD Cole RJ Hendershot M Cotten TA Cross DD Busath 《Biophysical journal》1999,77(5):2492-2501
Proton transport on water wires, of interest for many problems in membrane biology, is analyzed in side-chain analogs of gramicidin A channels. In symmetrical 0.1 N HCl solutions, fluorination of channel Trp(11), Trp-(13), or Trp(15) side chains is found to inhibit proton transport, and replacement of one or more Trps with Phe enhances proton transport, the opposite of the effects on K(+) transport in lecithin bilayers. The current-voltage relations are superlinear, indicating that some membrane field-dependent process is rate limiting. The interfacial dipole effects are usually assumed to affect the rate of cation translocation across the channel. For proton conductance, however, water reorientation after proton translocation is anticipated to be rate limiting. We propose that the findings reported here are most readily interpreted as the result of dipole-dipole interactions between channel waters and polar side chains or lipid headgroups. In particular, if reorientation of the water column begins with the water nearest the channel exit, this hypothesis explains the negative impact of fluorination and the positive impact of headgroup dipole on proton conductance. 相似文献
84.
Eva-Maria Enneking Sirisha R. Kudumala Eliza Moreno Raiko Stephan Jana Boerner Tanja A. Godenschwege Jan Pielage 《PLoS biology》2013,11(4)
The precise control of synaptic connectivity is essential for the development and function of neuronal circuits. While there have been significant advances in our understanding how cell adhesion molecules mediate axon guidance and synapse formation, the mechanisms controlling synapse maintenance or plasticity in vivo remain largely uncharacterized. In an unbiased RNAi screen we identified the Drosophila L1-type CAM Neuroglian (Nrg) as a central coordinator of synapse growth, function, and stability. We demonstrate that the extracellular Ig-domains and the intracellular Ankyrin-interaction motif are essential for synapse development and stability. Nrg binds to Ankyrin2 in vivo and mutations reducing the binding affinities to Ankyrin2 cause an increase in Nrg mobility in motoneurons. We then demonstrate that the Nrg–Ank2 interaction controls the balance of synapse growth and stability at the neuromuscular junction. In contrast, at a central synapse, transsynaptic interactions of pre- and postsynaptic Nrg require a dynamic, temporal and spatial, regulation of the intracellular Ankyrin-binding motif to coordinate pre- and postsynaptic development. Our study at two complementary model synapses identifies the regulation of the interaction between the L1-type CAM and Ankyrin as an important novel module enabling local control of synaptic connectivity and function while maintaining general neuronal circuit architecture. 相似文献