全文获取类型
收费全文 | 467篇 |
免费 | 38篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 7篇 |
2021年 | 4篇 |
2020年 | 6篇 |
2019年 | 9篇 |
2018年 | 6篇 |
2017年 | 10篇 |
2016年 | 17篇 |
2015年 | 18篇 |
2014年 | 28篇 |
2013年 | 27篇 |
2012年 | 33篇 |
2011年 | 22篇 |
2010年 | 29篇 |
2009年 | 19篇 |
2008年 | 17篇 |
2007年 | 26篇 |
2006年 | 12篇 |
2005年 | 13篇 |
2004年 | 20篇 |
2003年 | 24篇 |
2002年 | 25篇 |
2001年 | 16篇 |
2000年 | 8篇 |
1999年 | 7篇 |
1998年 | 11篇 |
1997年 | 3篇 |
1996年 | 8篇 |
1995年 | 2篇 |
1994年 | 7篇 |
1993年 | 2篇 |
1992年 | 3篇 |
1991年 | 6篇 |
1990年 | 6篇 |
1988年 | 4篇 |
1987年 | 5篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1985年 | 3篇 |
1984年 | 2篇 |
1983年 | 2篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1975年 | 2篇 |
1974年 | 5篇 |
1951年 | 2篇 |
1933年 | 1篇 |
1928年 | 1篇 |
1921年 | 1篇 |
1919年 | 2篇 |
1917年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有505条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
Galeriu D Crout NM Melintescu A Beresford NA Peterson SR Van Hees M 《Radiation and environmental biophysics》2001,40(4):325-334
Tritium is a potentially important environmental contaminant originating from the nuclear industry, and its behaviour in the
environment is controlled by that of hydrogen. Animal food products represent a potentially important source of tritium in
the human diet and a number of transfer coefficient values for tritium transfer to a limited number of animal products are
available. In this paper we present an approach for the derivation of tritium transfer coefficients which is based on the
metabolism of hydrogen in animals. The derived transfer coefficients separately account for transfer to and from free (i.e.
water) and organically bound tritium. A novel aspect of the approach is that tritium transfer can be predicted for any animal
product for which the required metabolic input parameters are available. The predicted transfer coefficients are compared
to available independent data. Agreement is good (R
2=0.97) with the exception of the transfer coefficient for transfer from tritiated water to organically bound tritium in ruminants.
This may be attributable to the particular characteristics of ruminant digestion. We show that tritium transfer coefficients
will vary in response to the metabolic status of an animal (e.g. stage of lactation, diet digestibility etc.) and that the
use of a single transfer coefficient from diet to animal product is inappropriate. It is possible to derive concentration
ratio values from the estimated transfer coefficients which relate the concentration of tritiated water and organically bound
tritium in an animal product to their respective concentrations in the animals diet. These concentration ratios are shown
to be less subject to metabolic variation and may be more useful radioecological parameters than transfer coefficients. For
tritiated water the concentration ratio shows little variation between animal products ranging from 0.59 to 0.82. In the case
of organically bound tritium the concentration ratios vary between animal products from 0.15 (goat milk) to 0.67 (eggs).
Received: 28 May 2001 / Accepted: 20 August 2001 相似文献
32.
A collagenous extracellular matrix was previously considered to be a requirement for classification of true cartilage. Data from the lamprey and hagfish now clearly indicate that both of these jawless craniates have extensive non-collagenous, yet cartilaginous endoskeletons. Non-collagenous cartilages are present in the cephalochordates (amphioxus) and in the invertebrates, although collagen-containing cartilages also are found in the invertebrates. This review summarizes current knowledge of the morphological, biochemical and molecular characteristics of the unusual non-collagenous cartilages in jawless craniates and the cartilaginous tissues in amphioxus and invertebrates. A least two types of non-collagenous cartilage matrix proteins are found in both the hagfishes and the lampreys, all of which are resistant to digestion by cyanogen bromide (CNBr). Although all four of these matrices show some similarities with each other, suggesting a family of non-collagenous, elastin-like proteins, it is clear that the major matrix proteins of each are different. New morphological and biochemical information on the cartilaginous tissues in squid, horseshoe crab and amphioxus reveals the presence of CNBr-insoluble, non-collagenous matrix proteins, potentially extending the jawless craniate family of cartilaginous proteins into the invertebrates. Details of the evolutionary relationships between these non-collagenous matrix proteins and the significance of the occurrence of these proteins as the major components of the cartilaginous tissues of jawless craniates, amphioxus, horseshoe crab and squid, all of which are capable of producing a variety of collagens in other tissues, remain to be investigated. 相似文献
33.
Goel A Beresford GW Colcher D Pavlinkova G Booth BJ Baranowska-Kortylewicz J Batra SK 《Journal of biochemistry》2000,127(5):829-836
Single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) are tumor-recognition units that hold enormous potential in antibody-based therapeutics. Their clinical applications, however, require the large scale production and purification of biologically active recombinant scFvs. In the present study, we engineered and expressed divalent non-covalent [(scFv)(2)-His(6)] and covalent [sc(Fv)(2)-His(6)] scFvs of a tumor-associated monoclonal antibody (MAb) CC49 in Pichia pastoris. The purity and immunoreactivity of the scFvs were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, HPLC, and competitive ELISA. The binding affinity constant (K(A)), determined by surface plasmon resonance analysis using BIAcore, was 4.28 x 10(7), 2.75 x 10(7), and 1.14 x 10(8) M(-1) for (scFv)(2)-His(6), sc(Fv)(2)-His(6), and CC49 IgG, respectively. The expression of scFvs in P. pastoris was 30 to 40-fold higher than in Escherichia coli. Biodistribution studies in athymic mice bearing LS-174T human colon carcinoma xenografts showed equivalent tumor-targeting of CC49 dimers generated in yeast (scFv)(2)-His(6) and bacteria (scFv)(2) with 12.52% injected dose/gram (%ID/g) and 11. 42%ID/g, respectively, at 6 h post-injection. Interestingly, the pharmacokinetic pattern of dimeric scFvs in xenografted mice exhibited a slower clearance of His-tagged scFvs from the blood pool than scFvs lacking the His-tag (0.1 >/= p >/= 0.05). In conclusion, improved yields of divalent scFvs were achieved using the P. pastoris expression/secretion system. The in vitro and in vivo properties of these scFvs suggest possible therapeutic applications. 相似文献
34.
Spaceflight has compartment- and gene-specific effects on mRNA levels for bone matrix proteins in rat femur 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Evans Glenda L.; Morey-Holton Emily; Turner Russell T. 《Journal of applied physiology》1998,84(6):2132-2137
In the presentstudy, we evaluated the possibility that the abnormal bone matrixproduced during spaceflight may be associated with reduced expressionof bone matrix protein genes. To test this possibility, we investigatedthe effects of a 14-day spaceflight (SLS-2 experiment) on steady-statemRNA levels for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH),osteocalcin, osteonectin, and prepro-(1) subunit of type I collagenin the major bone compartments of rat femur. There were pronouncedsite-specific differences in the steady-state levels of expression ofthe mRNAs for the three bone matrix proteins and GAPDH in normalweight-bearing rats, and these relationships were altered afterspaceflight. Specifically, spaceflight resulted in decreases in mRNAlevels for GAPDH (decreased in proximal metaphysis), osteocalcin(decreased in proximal metaphysis), osteonectin (decreased in proximaland distal metaphysis), and collagen (decreased in proximal and distalmetaphysis) compared with ground controls. There were no changes inmRNA levels for matrix proteins or GAPDH in the shaft and distalepiphysis. These results demonstrate that spaceflight leads to site-and gene-specific decreases in mRNA levels for bone matrix proteins.These findings are consistent with the hypothesis thatspaceflight-induced decreases in bone formation are caused byconcomitant decreases in expression of genes for bone matrix proteins. 相似文献
35.
Glenda L. Torres W. Rodney Cooper David R. Horton Kylie D. Swisher Stephen F. Garczynski Joseph E. Munyaneza Nina M. Barcenas 《PloS one》2015,10(11)
“Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum” (Proteobacteria) is an important pathogen of solanaceous crops (Solanales: Solanaceae) in North America and New Zealand, and is the putative causal agent of zebra chip disease of potato. This phloem-limited pathogen is transmitted to potato and other solanaceous plants by the potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae). While some plants in the Convolvulaceae (Solanales) are also known hosts for B. cockerelli, previous efforts to detect Liberibacter in Convolvulaceae have been unsuccessful. Moreover, studies to determine whether Liberibacter can be acquired from these plants by B. cockerelli are lacking. The goal of this study was to determine whether horizontal transmission of Liberibacter occurs among potato psyllids on two species of Convolvulaceae, sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), which grows abundantly in potato growing regions of the United States. Results indicated that uninfected psyllids acquired Liberibacter from both I. batatas and C. arvensis if infected psyllids were present on plants concurrently with the uninfected psyllids. Uninfected psyllids did not acquire Liberibacter from plants if the infected psyllids were removed from the plants before the uninfected psyllids were allowed access. In contrast with previous reports, PCR did detect the presence of Liberibacter DNA in some plants. However, visible amplicons were faint and did not correspond with acquisition of the pathogen by uninfected psyllids. None of the plants exhibited disease symptoms. Results indicate that horizontal transmission of Liberibacter among potato psyllids can occur on Convolvulaceae, and that the association between Liberibacter and Convolvulaceae merits additional attention. 相似文献
36.
Yankovich TL Beresford NA Wood MD Aono T Andersson P Barnett CL Bennett P Brown JE Fesenko S Fesenko J Hosseini A Howard BJ Johansen MP Phaneuf MM Tagami K Takata H Twining JR Uchida S 《Radiation and environmental biophysics》2010,49(4):549-565
Environmental monitoring programs often measure contaminant concentrations in animal tissues consumed by humans (e.g., muscle). By comparison, demonstration of the protection of biota from the potential effects of radionuclides involves a comparison of whole-body doses to radiological dose benchmarks. Consequently, methods for deriving whole-body concentration ratios based on tissue-specific data are required to make best use of the available information. This paper provides a series of look-up tables with whole-body:tissue-specific concentration ratios for non-human biota. Focus was placed on relatively broad animal categories (including molluscs, crustaceans, freshwater fishes, marine fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) and commonly measured tissues (specifically, bone, muscle, liver and kidney). Depending upon organism, whole-body to tissue concentration ratios were derived for between 12 and 47 elements. The whole-body to tissue concentration ratios can be used to estimate whole-body concentrations from tissue-specific measurements. However, we recommend that any given whole-body to tissue concentration ratio should not be used if the value falls between 0.75 and 1.5. Instead, a value of one should be assumed. 相似文献
37.
Background and Aims
Animal pollination is typically an uncertain process that interacts with self-incompatibility status to determine reproductive success. Seed set is often pollen-limited, but species with late-acting self-incompatibility (SI) may be particularly vulnerable, if self-pollen deposition results in ovule discounting. Pollination is examined and the occurrence of late-acting SI and ovule discounting assessed in Cyrtanthus breviflorus.Methods
The pollination system was characterized by observing floral visitors and assessing nectar production and spectral reflectance of flowers. To assess late-acting SI and ovule discounting, growth of self- and cross-pollen tubes, and seed set following open pollination or hand pollination with varying proportions of self- and cross-pollen, were examined.Key Results
Native honeybees Apis mellifera scutellata pollinated flowers as they actively collected pollen. Most flowers (≥70 %) did not contain nectar, while the rest produced minute volumes of dilute nectar. The flowers which are yellow to humans are visually conspicuous to bees with a strong contrast between UV-reflecting tepals and UV-absorbing anthers and pollen. Plants were self-incompatible, but self-rejection was late-acting and both self- and cross-pollen tubes penetrated ovules. Seed set of open-pollinated flowers was pollen-limited, despite pollen deposition exceeding ovule number by 6-fold. Open-pollinated seed set was similar to that of the cross + self-pollen treatment, but was less than that of the cross-pollen-only treatment.Conclusions
Flowers of C. breviflorus are pollinated primarily by pollen-collecting bees and possess a late-acting SI system, previously unknown in this clade of the Amaryllidaceae. Pollinators of C. breviflorus deposit mixtures of cross- and self-pollen and, because SI is late-acting, self-pollen disables ovules, reducing female fertility. This study thus contributes to growing evidence that seed production in plants with late-acting SI systems is frequently limited by pollen quality, even when pollinators are abundant. 相似文献38.
Pollen commonly limits seed output in natural plant populations, but the relative contributions of pollen quantity and quality to pollen limitation remain largely unexplored. Estimates of these contributions are needed to promote better understanding of the ecological and evolutionary consequences of pollen limitation. We assessed pollen limitation and distinguished how pollen quantity and quality contributed to seed output in the predominantly outcrossing herb Bulbine bulbosa. We compared seed output of emasculated and cross-pollinated plants that could not self-pollinate with that of intact plants. Seed output was similar in emasculated and cross-pollinated plants, but it was about 50% less in intact plants. These findings indicate that the quantity of cross-pollen deposited by pollinators did not limit seed output. However, pollinators also deposited self-pollen, which reduced seed output because selfing disabled ovules, rendering them unavailable for cross-fertilization. We conclude that pollen quality rather than quantity can limit seed output under natural conditions, which supports recent proposals for greater consideration of pollen quality in the study of pollen limitation. 相似文献
39.
40.
Kaestli M Mayo M Harrington G Watt F Hill J Gal D Currie BJ 《Applied and environmental microbiology》2007,73(21):6891-6897
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the cause of the severe disease melioidosis in humans and animals, is a gram-negative saprophyte living in soil and water of areas of endemicity such as tropical northern Australia and Southeast Asia. Infection occurs mainly by contact with wet contaminated soil. The environmental distribution of B. pseudomallei in northern Australia is still unclear. We developed and evaluated a direct soil B. pseudomallei DNA detection method based on the recently published real-time PCR targeting the B. pseudomallei type III secretion system. The method was evaluated by inoculating different soil types with B. pseudomallei dilution series and by comparing B. pseudomallei detection rate with culture-based detection rate for 104 randomly collected soil samples from the Darwin rural area in northern Australia. We found that direct soil B. pseudomallei DNA detection not only was substantially faster than culture but also proved to be more sensitive with no evident false-positive results. This assay provides a new tool to detect B. pseudomallei in soil samples in a fast and highly sensitive and specific manner and is applicable for large-scale B. pseudomallei environmental screening studies or in outbreak situations. Furthermore, analysis of the 104 collected soil samples revealed a significant association between B. pseudomallei-positive sites and the presence of animals at these locations and also with moist, reddish brown-to-reddish gray soils. 相似文献