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81.
Esposito Francesco Memoli Valeria Panico Speranza Claudia Trifuoggi Marco Di Natale Gabriella Maisto Giulia 《Plant and Soil》2019,436(1-2):517-526
Plant and Soil - The aims of this research were: i) to compare Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb concentrations in Quercus ilex L. leaves collected at urban/industrial and urban areas; ii) to investigate the main... 相似文献
82.
83.
Van Den Herrewegen Yana Denewet Lissa Buckinx An Albertini Giulia Van Eeckhaut Ann Smolders Ilse De Bundel Dimitri 《Neurochemical research》2019,44(3):600-608
Neurochemical Research - Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is an acquired form of focal epilepsy, in which patients not only suffer from unprovoked, devastating seizures, but also from severe... 相似文献
84.
Giulia Ferrari Sergio Torres-Rueda Esnat Chirwa Andrew Gibbs Stacey Orangi Edwine Barasa Theresa Tawiah Rebecca Kyerewaa Dwommoh Prah Regis Hitimana Emmanuelle Daviaud Eleonah Kapapa Kristin Dunkle Lori Heise Erin Stern Sangeeta Chatterji Benjamin Omondi Deda Ogum Alangea Rozina Karmaliani Hussain Maqbool Ahmed Khuwaja Rachel Jewkes Charlotte Watts Anna Vassall 《PLoS medicine》2022,19(3)
BackgroundViolence against women and girls (VAWG) is a human rights violation with social, economic, and health consequences for survivors, perpetrators, and society. Robust evidence on economic, social, and health impact, plus the cost of delivery of VAWG prevention, is critical to making the case for investment, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where health sector resources are highly constrained. We report on the costs and health impact of VAWG prevention in 6 countries.Methods and findingsWe conducted a trial-based cost-effectiveness analysis of VAWG prevention interventions using primary data from 5 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in sub-Saharan Africa and 1 in South Asia. We evaluated 2 school-based interventions aimed at adolescents (11 to 14 years old) and 2 workshop-based (small group or one to one) interventions, 1 community-based intervention, and 1 combined small group and community-based programme all aimed at adult men and women (18+ years old). All interventions were delivered between 2015 and 2018 and were compared to a do-nothing scenario, except for one of the school-based interventions (government-mandated programme) and for the combined intervention (access to financial services in small groups). We computed the health burden from VAWG with disability-adjusted life year (DALY). We estimated per capita DALYs averted using statistical models that reflect each trial’s design and any baseline imbalances. We report cost-effectiveness as cost per DALY averted and characterise uncertainty in the estimates with probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) and cost-effectiveness acceptability curves (CEACs), which show the probability of cost-effectiveness at different thresholds. We report a subgroup analysis of the small group component of the combined intervention and no other subgroup analysis. We also report an impact inventory to illustrate interventions’ socioeconomic impact beyond health. We use a 3% discount rate for investment costs and a 1-year time horizon, assuming no effects post the intervention period. From a health sector perspective, the cost per DALY averted varies between US$222 (2018), for an established gender attitudes and harmful social norms change community-based intervention in Ghana, to US$17,548 (2018) for a livelihoods intervention in South Africa. Taking a societal perspective and including wider economic impact improves the cost-effectiveness of some interventions but reduces others. For example, interventions with positive economic impacts, often those with explicit economic goals, offset implementation costs and achieve more favourable cost-effectiveness ratios. Results are robust to sensitivity analyses. Our DALYs include a subset of the health consequences of VAWG exposure; we assume no mortality impact from any of the health consequences included in the DALYs calculations. In both cases, we may be underestimating overall health impact. We also do not report on participants’ health costs.ConclusionsWe demonstrate that investment in established community-based VAWG prevention interventions can improve population health in LMICs, even within highly constrained health budgets. However, several VAWG prevention interventions require further modification to achieve affordability and cost-effectiveness at scale. Broadening the range of social, health, and economic outcomes captured in future cost-effectiveness assessments remains critical to justifying the investment urgently required to prevent VAWG globally.In a cost-effectiveness study, Dr. Giulia Ferrari and colleagues examine the costs and health impact of prevention of violence against women and girls in six low- and middle-income countries. 相似文献
85.
Giulia Paiardi Stefan Richter Pasqua Oreste Chiara Urbinati Marco Rusnati Rebecca C. Wade 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2022,298(2)
Heparin, a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan, has been found to have antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative virus of COVID-19. To elucidate the mechanistic basis for the antiviral activity of heparin, we investigated the binding of heparin to the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein by means of sliding window docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and biochemical assays. Our simulations show that heparin binds at long, positively charged patches on the spike glycoprotein, thereby masking basic residues of both the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and the multifunctional S1/S2 site. Biochemical experiments corroborated the simulation results, showing that heparin inhibits the furin-mediated cleavage of spike by binding to the S1/S2 site. Our simulations showed that heparin can act on the hinge region responsible for motion of the RBD between the inactive closed and active open conformations of the spike glycoprotein. In simulations of the closed spike homotrimer, heparin binds the RBD and the N-terminal domain of two adjacent spike subunits and hinders opening. In simulations of open spike conformations, heparin induces stabilization of the hinge region and a change in RBD motion. Our results indicate that heparin can inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection by three mechanisms: by allosterically hindering binding to the host cell receptor, by directly competing with binding to host heparan sulfate proteoglycan coreceptors, and by preventing spike cleavage by furin. Furthermore, these simulations provide insights into how host heparan sulfate proteoglycans can facilitate viral infection. Our results will aid the rational optimization of heparin derivatives for SARS-CoV-2 antiviral therapy. 相似文献
86.
Farahnaz Ranjbarian Sushma Sharma Giulia Falappa Walter Taruschio Andrei Chabes Anders Hofer 《Nucleic acids research》2022,50(3):e18
Information about the cellular concentrations of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) is instrumental for mechanistic studies of DNA replication and for understanding diseases caused by defects in dNTP metabolism. The dNTPs are measured by methods based on either HPLC or DNA polymerization. An advantage with the HPLC-based techniques is that the parallel analysis of ribonucleoside triphosphates (rNTPs) can serve as an internal quality control of nucleotide integrity and extraction efficiency. We have developed a Freon-free trichloroacetic acid-based method to extract cellular nucleotides and an isocratic reverse phase HPLC-based technique that is able to separate dNTPs, rNTPs and ADP in a single run. The ability to measure the ADP levels improves the control of nucleotide integrity, and the use of an isocratic elution overcomes the shifting baseline problems in previously developed gradient-based reversed phase protocols for simultaneously measuring dNTPs and rNTPs. An optional DNA-polymerase-dependent step is used for confirmation that the dNTP peaks do not overlap with other components of the extracts, further increasing the reliability of the analysis. The method is compatible with a wide range of biological samples and has a sensitivity better than other UV-based HPLC protocols, closely matching that of mass spectrometry-based detection. 相似文献
87.
Soddu G Sanjust E Murgia S Rescigno A 《Pigment cell research / sponsored by the European Society for Pigment Cell Research and the International Pigment Cell Society》2004,17(2):135-141
Melanin (eumelanin) is commonly produced in mammals starting from tyrosine and/or 3,4-dioxyphenylalanine (DOPA) under the action of tyrosinase. 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid and 3-hydroxykynurenine are intermediates occurring in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism. In this paper, we show that these substances can interfere in melanin formation in vitro when tyrosine or DOPA is oxidized by molecular oxygen under catalysis by tyrosinase. In particular, when 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid is present, a brown and apparently water-soluble pigment is formed, whereas the typical eumelanin granules seem to become more and more rare as the concentration of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid increases. Also in the presence of the latter, the rate of tyrosine and/or DOPA consumption decreases. A very complicated (13)C-NMR spectrum indicates the high complexity of the reaction. This involves both the true melanin precursor(s) and the tryptophan metabolite, even if with peculiar mechanism and kinetics. When 3-hydroxykynurenine is substituted for 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid the reaction leads to reddish pigments whereas xanthommatins (the typical oxidation products of 3-hydroxykynurenine) are absent. A possible relationship between some dischromic pathologies and tryptophan metabolic disorders is suggested. 相似文献
88.
Gianantonio?Battistuzzi Marco?Borsari Giulia?Di?Rocco Antonio?Ranieri Marco?SolaEmail author 《Journal of biological inorganic chemistry》2004,9(1):23-26
Compensation phenomena between the enthalpy and entropy changes of the reduction reaction for all classes of electron transport metalloproteins, namely cytochromes, iron-sulfur, and blue copper proteins, are brought to light. This is the first comprehensive report on such effects for biological redox reactions. Following Grunwalds approach for the interpretation of H/S compensation for solution reactions, it is concluded that reduction-induced solvent reorganization effects involving the hydration shell of the molecule dominate the reduction thermodynamics in these species, although they have no net effect on the E° values, owing to exact compensation. Thus the reduction potentials of these species are primarily determined by the selective enthalpic stabilization of one of the two oxidation states due to ligand binding interactions and electrostatics at the metal site and by the entropic effects of reduction-induced changes in protein flexibility. 相似文献
89.
Characterization of the complex locus of bean encoding polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins reveals subfunctionalization for defense against fungi and insects 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
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D'Ovidio R Raiola A Capodicasa C Devoto A Pontiggia D Roberti S Galletti R Conti E O'Sullivan D De Lorenzo G 《Plant physiology》2004,135(4):2424-2435
90.
Targeted modification of homogalacturonan by transgenic expression of a fungal polygalacturonase alters plant growth
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Capodicasa C Vairo D Zabotina O McCartney L Caprari C Mattei B Manfredini C Aracri B Benen J Knox JP De Lorenzo G Cervone F 《Plant physiology》2004,135(3):1294-1304
Pectins are a highly complex family of cell wall polysaccharides comprised of homogalacturonan (HGA), rhamnogalacturonan I and rhamnogalacturonan II. We have specifically modified HGA in both tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and Arabidopsis by expressing the endopolygalacturonase II of Aspergillus niger (AnPGII). Cell walls of transgenic tobacco plants showed a 25% reduction in GalUA content as compared with the wild type and a reduced content of deesterified HGA as detected by antibody labeling. Neutral sugars remained unchanged apart from a slight increase of Rha, Ara, and Gal. Both transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis were dwarfed, indicating that unesterified HGA is a critical factor for plant cell growth. The dwarf phenotypes were associated with AnPGII activity as demonstrated by the observation that the mutant phenotype of tobacco was completely reverted by crossing the dwarfed plants with plants expressing PGIP2, a strong inhibitor of AnPGII. The mutant phenotype in Arabidopsis did not appear when transformation was performed with a gene encoding AnPGII inactivated by site directed mutagenesis. 相似文献