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41.
W H Gingerich R A Pityer J J Rach 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. A, Comparative physiology》1987,87(2):251-256
1. Total blood volume and relative blood volumes in selected tissues were determined in non-anesthetized, confined rainbow trout by using 51Cr-labelled trout erythrocytes as a vascular space marker. 2. Mean total blood volume was estimated to be 4.09 +/- 0.55 ml/100 g, or about 75% of that estimated with the commonly used plasma space marker Evans blue dye. 3. Relative tissue blood volumes were greatest in highly perfused tissues such as kidney, gills, brain and liver and least in mosaic muscle. 4. Estimates of tissue vascular spaces, made using radiolabelled erythrocytes, were only 25-50% of those based on plasma space markers. 5. The consistently smaller vascular volumes obtained with labelled erythrocytes could be explained by assuming that commonly used plasma space markers diffuse from the vascular compartment. 相似文献
42.
Aaron?R.?WoodEmail author Ryan?M.?Bebej Carly?L.?Manz Dana?L.?Begun Philip?D.?Gingerich 《Journal of Mammalian Evolution》2011,18(1):1-32
A nearly complete skeleton of Hyracotherium grangeri is described from the early Wasatchian (early Eocene) of the Clarks Fork Basin in northwestern Wyoming. This specimen includes
a virtually complete, well-preserved pre-caudal vertebral column allowing the first thorough investigation of the locomotory
abilities of these early Eocene horses. The posterior thorax (T) and lumbus (L) are divided into a facultatively dorsostable
region (T15-L3) and an obligately dorsostable region (L3-L7). The facultatively dorsostable region is characterized by robust,
cranially-oriented neural spines and well-developed attachment sites for epaxial musculature, whereas the obligately dorsostable
region is characterized by embracing zygapophyses and less developed spines and attachment sites. Limb morphology exhibits
a mixture of primitive characters and derived features associated with cursoriality. As described by previous authors, limb
mobility is restricted at the elbow and ankle due to interlocking humero-radial and tibio-astragalar articulations, respectively.
In contrast, the presence of a rounded femoral head and well-developed pelvic and femoral attachment sites for hindlimb adductor
muscles suggests a highly mobile hip joint. Limited inversion of the manus and pes may have been possible via differential
movement between the proximal and distal carpal elements and at the transverse tarsal joint, respectively. The obligately
dorsostable region of the vertebral column likely resisted variably-oriented torque applied by hip musculature, thereby preventing
dislocation of the pelvis and lumbus. The facultatively dorsostable region would have facilitated dynamic positioning of the
center of mass during rapid acceleration. Brief comparisons with Orohippus and Mesohippus postcrania are used to discuss the selective pressures imposed by changes in body mass and habitat on the postcranial evolution
of Paleogene horses. 相似文献
43.
Suski CD Cooke SJ Danylchuk AJ O'Connor CM Gravel MA Redpath T Hanson KC Gingerich AJ Murchie KJ Danylchuk SE Koppelman JB Goldberg TL 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology》2007,148(3):664-673
Current understanding of the stress response in fishes has largely come from studies of freshwater-adapted salmonids, with proportionately few comparative studies having examined marine fishes. The current study sought to quantify the magnitude of physiological disturbances, recovery dynamics, and post-exercise behaviour in bonefish (Albula vulpes; a tropical marine fish) exposed to several different exercise and air exposure regimens. Results showed that metabolic disturbances (lactate production, hyperglycemia) increased following exercise and exposure to air, and that the magnitude of metabolic disturbance was proportional to the duration of the stressful event. Fish required between 2-4 h to return to resting values. Exercise and exposure to air also resulted in significant increases in plasma Ca2+, Cl- and Na+, but the magnitude of these ionic changes did not vary with exercise or exposure to air duration and required over 4-h to return to baseline levels. Mortality following exercise was observed only for fish that had been exposed to air for 3 min and not in fish that had been exposed to air for 1 min. Together, results from this study provide a physiological basis for management strategies that can improve the post-release survival of bonefish that have been caught during a catch-and-release angling event. 相似文献
44.
Austin J Rice Frances JD Alvarez Amy L Davidson Heather W Pinkett 《Channels (Austin, Tex.)》2014,8(4):327-333
In order to shuttle substrates across the lipid bilayer, membrane proteins undergo a series of conformation changes that are influenced by protein structure, ligands, and the lipid environment. To test the effect of lipid on conformation change of the ABC transporter MolBC, EPR studies were conducted in lipids and detergents of variable composition. In both a detergent and lipid environment, MolBC underwent the same general conformation changes as detected by site-directed EPR spectroscopy. However, differences in activity and the details of the EPR analysis indicate conformational rigidity that is dependent on the lipid environment. From these observations, we conclude that native-like lipid mixtures provide the transporter with greater activity and conformational flexibility as well as technical advantages such as reconstitution efficiency and protein stability. 相似文献
45.
Rick Brouwer Wilma TM Vree Egberts Gerald JD Hengstman Reinout Raijmakers Baziel GM van Engelen Hans Peter Seelig Manfred Renz Rudolf Mierau Ekkehard Genth Ger JM Pruijn Walther J van Venrooij 《Arthritis research & therapy》2001,4(2):1-5
The autoantigenic polymyositis/scleroderma (PM/Scl) complex was recently shown to be the human homologue of the yeast exosome, which is an RNA-processing complex. Our aim was to assess whether, in addition to targeting the known autoantigens PM/Scl-100 and PM/Scl-75, autoantibodies also target recently identified components of the PM/Scl complex. The prevalence of autoantibodies directed to six novel human exosome components (hRrp4p, hRrp40p, hRrp41p, hRrp42p, hRrp46p, hCsl4p) was determined in sera from patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (n = 48), scleroderma (n = 11), or the PM/Scl overlap syndrome (n = 10). The sera were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and western blotting using the affinity-purified recombinant proteins. Our results show that each human exosome component is recognized by autoantibodies. The hRrp4p and hRrp42p components were most frequently targeted. The presence of autoantibodies directed to the novel components of the human exosome was correlated with the presence of the anti-PM/Scl-100 autoantibody in the sera of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM), as was previously found for the anti-PM/Scl-75 autoantibody. Other clear associations between autoantibody activities were not found. These results further support the conception that the autoimmune response may initially be directed to PM/Scl-100, whereas intermolecular epitope spreading may have caused the autoantibody response directed to the associated components. 相似文献
46.
47.
48.
A characteristic feature of the sperm P1 protamines of eutherian mammals is
the constant presence of six to nine cysteine residues per molecule. During
spermiogenesis these residues become oxidized to form a three-dimensional
network of disulfide bridges between, and within, protamine molecules in
the sperm chromatin. This covalent cross linking strongly stabilizes
eutherian sperm nuclei. In contrast, protamines sequenced from teleost
fish, birds, monotremes, and marsupials all lack cysteine residues and
their sperm nuclei, without the stabilizing cross links, are easily
decondensed in vitro. We have now found that one genus of tiny, shrewlike
dasyurid marsupials, the Planigales, possess P1 protamines containing five
to six cysteine residues. These residues appear to have evolved since the
divergence of Planigales from other members of the family Dasyuridae, such
as the marsupial mouse, Sminthopsis crassicaudata. We believe this
constitutes a case of convergent evolution in a subfamily of dasyurid
marsupials toward the cysteine-rich eutherian form of sperm protamine P1.
相似文献
49.
Two genera and three species of adapid primates are known from the middle and late Miocene of India and Pakistan. Most fossil
specimens are fragmentary, but the best-known species, Sivaladapis nagrii,is now represented by enough specimens to permit composite reconstruction of much of the dentition. The incisors of Sivaladapishave spatulate crowns, and the canines are large, projecting teeth. Premolars and molars exhibit complex occlusion involving
simultaneous approximation of pointed leading cusps on upper and lower molars, with linear trailing lophs. The premolar eruption
sequence in Sivaladapisappears to be P
2-P4-P3, as in most extant prosimians. Symphyseal fusion of the mandibular rami occurred early in ontogeny, before the eruption of
any of the anterior permanent teeth. We interpret Sivaladapisto have been a specialized arboreal folivore that became extinct near the end of the Miocene, when the distribution of forests
was increasingly restricted and colobine monkeys first invaded South Asia. 相似文献
50.
Philip D. Gingerich 《American journal of physical anthropology》1981,56(3):217-234
Adapis is one of the best known lemuriform fossil primates. Quantitative analysis of all well-preserved crania of Adapis magnus (n = 8) and Adapis parisiensis (n = 12) together with maxillary and mandibular dentitions preserving canines corroborates Stehlin's hypothesis that Adapis was sexually dimorphic. Males are from 13% to 16% larger than females in cranial length, corresponding to a weight dimorphism estimated at 44% to 56%, and have relatively broader skulls with more prominent sagittal and nuchal crests. Canine dimorphism ranges from 13% to 19%, which is equal to or only slightly greater than that expected as a result of body size dimorphism (i.e., relative canine dimorphism is slight or nonexistent). By comparison with living primates, the observed body size dimorphism in Adapis implies a polygynous breeding system. Cebus apella is a diurnal arboreal living primate with moderate body size dimorphism and slight relative canine dimorphism and one can speculate that Adapis lived in polygynous multimale troops of moderate size like those of C. appella. Adapis extends the geological history of sexual dimorphism and polygyny in primates back to the Eocene. Extant lemuriform primates are generally not dimorphic or polygynous and they clearly do not adequately represent the range of social adaptations present in Eocene primates. The evolutionary lineage from Adapis magnus to Adapis parisiensis exhibits reduction in body size and in relative canine size, and phyletic dwarfing in Adapis is possibly an adaptive response to increasing climatic seasonality and environmental instability in the late Eocene and early Oligocene. 相似文献