Chemoprophylaxis with tetracycline drugs in the immunisation of cattle against Theileria annulata infection

Gill B.S., Bhattacharyulu Y., Kaur D. and Singh A. 1978. Chemoprophylaxis with tetracycline drugs in the immunisation of cattle against Theileria annulata infection. International Journal for Parasitology8: 467–469. Three-month-old fully susceptible cross-bred calves were immunised against tropical theileriosis by treating 2-tick or 5-tick stabilate-induced Theileria annulata infections, with 1 or 2 doses of long-acting oxytetracycline (Pfizer) at 20 mg/kg body weight injected subcutaneously, or chlortetracycline at 16 mg/kg body weight daily for 8 days given orally. The treatment began on the day of the infection. After 45 days, the recovered calves were given severe 10-tick homologous stabilate challenge.The reactions were evaluated by noting fever, degree of anaemia, severity of the swelling of the regional lymph node, rate of parasitization of lymphocytes in the lymph node, and of erythrocytes in the peripheral circulation.The untreated calves developed a severe form of the disease with typical symptoms, which killed 1 of 4 and 2 of 5 calves receiving 2-tick and 5-tick stabilates, respectively. A total of 30 treated calves reacted mildly or not at all. Both the treated and untreated, recovered calves resisted completely the challenge infection which killed 3 of 4 susceptible controls. The effect of 1 dose of long-acting oxytetracycline was equal to that of 8 daily treatments with chlortetracycline; 2 doses of the oxytetracycline suppressed almost all clinical responses at immunisation.     

The arrangement of subunits in cholera toxin.

Cholera toxin consists of five similar B subunits of apparent molecular weight about 10 600 and one A subunit (29 000) consisting of two peptides (A1 23 000-24 000 and A2 about 5500) linked by a single disulfide bond. Each B subunit also contains one internal disulfide bond which is readily reduced but is protected from carboxymethylation unless the reduced subunits are heated in urea. Tyrosine residues in A1 and in B subunits are readily iodinated, but the intact B assembly does not react with iodine. Upon reaction with the cross-linking reagent dimethyl suberimidate, B subunits may be covalently connected to each other, to A1 and to A2. A1 and A2 may also be cross-linked. The B subunits are probably arranged in a ring with A on the axis. A2 is required for the re-assembly of toxin from its subunits and may serve to hold A1 on the B ring. The maximum activity of cholera toxin in vitro is obtained only when the active peptide, A1, is separated from the rest of the molecule. Such separation, and the insertion of A1 into the cytosol, must follow the binding of the complete toxin, through component B, to the exterior of intact cells. This binding increases the effective concentration of the toxin in the vicinity of the plasma membrane. Possible ways in which A1 then crosses the membrane are considered in the Discussion.     

Effect of long photoperiod on the maturation of ovary of the catfish, Mystus tengara (Ham.)

A study has been made of the effect of photoperiodism on the ovarian maturation of fresh water teleost, Mystus tengara (Ham.). The magnitude of ovarian recrudescence is more during maturing virgin phase as compared to during immature virgin and preparatory virgin phases in long photoperiod (14 hours/day) treated fish. Thus, the response of the ovary to long photoperiod increases with the approach of natural spawning period. The mature eggs are more in long photoperiod treated fish than in controls exposed to 12 hours/day photoperiod. In long photoperiod treated fish, prespawning period is reduced considerably. During spawning and post-spawning periods, the ovaries are refractory, since long photoperiod is ineffective in maintaining gravid ovaries beyond spawning period and the ovarian regression during post spawning period sets in regardless of nature of photoperiod treatment.     

A new optical multichannel microspectrofluorometer.

A new microspectrofluorometer has been developed that combines a photometric fluorescence microscope with an optical multichannel analyzer. This instrument provides fluorescence emission spectra of biological materials by detecting the entire spectrum simultaneously in real time. These spectra are subsequently recorded and corrected so as to identify the fluorescent reaction products or to test whether fluorescent cytochemical probes bind to the expected substrate within cells. The procedures and advantages of optical multichannel analysis are described, and an application of microspectrofluorometry to acriflavine-Feulgen cytochemistry is given.     

Nucleotide regulation of a eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation complex;.

Formation of a ternary initiation complex containing Met-tRNAf, GTP and eukaryotic initiation factor 2, is the first step in sequential assembly of the initiation complex. The concentration of GTP required for half maximal formation of the ternary complex is 2.5 with 10(-6) M. GDP is a potent competitive inhibitor of ternary complex formation with Ki = 3.4 with 10(-7) M. The nucleotide binding site on eukaryotic initiation factor 2 demonstrates relative specificity for GDP with KD(GDP) = 3.0 with 10(-8) M; 100-fold higher concentrations of GTP than GDP are required for displacement of either [(3)H]GDP or [(3)h]gtp from the necleotide binding site. An ATP-dependent stimulation of ternary complex formation observed in partially purified initiation factor preparations is due to nucleoside diphosphate kinase (EC 2.7.4.6) which serves to remove inhibitory levels of GDP by phosphorylation with ATP. Since GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP during protein synthesis, this provides a mechanism by which the ATP:ADP ratio may regulate the rate of initiation of protein synthesis.     

7-Amino-actinomycin D as a cytochemical probe. I. Spectral properties.

The optical absorption and fluorescence characteristics of 7-animo-actinomycin D were determined to evaluate its potential as a fluorescent cytochemical probe. At pH 7.0, the absorption maximum and fluorescence excitation maximum are both at 503 nm; the fluorescence emission is at 675 nm. When this compound forms complexes with DNA in solution, the absorption and fluorescence excitation maxima shift to 543 nm and the fluorescence emission shifts to 655 nm. The fluorescence quantum yield is 0.016 for 7-amino-actinomycin D free in solution and 0.01-0.02 for complexes with native DNA. The 7-amino-actinomycin D also exhibits fluorescence shifts characteristic of binding when put into solution with poly(dG-dC) poly(dG-dC), but not with poly(dI-dC) poly(dI-dC). The spectral characteristics are the same at pH 7.0 whether the solvent is 0.01 M PO4 with 0.0001 M EDTA or Earle's salts with 0.025 M N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N1-2-ethanesulfonic acid.     

Adrenal Cortical Ribonuclease H (hybrid) (38494).

Ribonuclease Hybrid (RNaseH) from adrenal cortical tissue has been characterized. RNase H specifically degrades the RNA strand of purified RNA:DNA hybrids but is inactive on single- or double-stranded RNA or on DNA. The mode of clevage by RNase H is endonucleolytic, producing oligoribonucleoties with 3'-hydroxyl and 5'- phosphate termini. ACTH administration to guinea pigs results in no detectable change in adrenal cortical RNase H activity at times when changes in DNA synthesis are marked.     

Effect of streptozotocin on the blood glucose level and histology of the principal islets of Channa punctatus (Bloch).

The effect of streptozotocin, an antibiotic and diabetogenic drug, has been studied on the blood glucose level and islet histology of a freshwater fish, Channa punctatus. The drug elicits a triphasic response in the blood glucose level, comprising an initial hyperglycemia followed by a transient fall, and restitution of normal values 3...4 days after the treatment. Significant degenerative changes occur in the islet beta cells. Severity of the beta cell damage is dose dependent and the drug has been found to be beta-cytotoxic to a considerable extent. Unlike mammals, Channa punctatus does not become diabetic following the streptozotocin administration, at doses varying 200-400 mg/kg b.wqnd over a period of 96 hours post-injection.     

There are two gene sequences for human apolipoprotein CI (apo CI) on chromosome 19, one of which is 4 kb from the gene for apo E

A cDNA probe corresponding to the mRNA sequence for apolipoprotein E (apo E) was used to screen two independently-constructed human genomic libraries. Two recombinants (lambda E-2, and lambda E2-1), isolated using the apo E cDNA probe, also contain part or all of the apo CI gene. Hybridisation studies using both apo E and apo CI cDNA probes show that these two genes are in the same orientation and separated by 4 kb.