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71.
Ravid Shechter Anat London Chen Varol Catarina Raposo Melania Cusimano Gili Yovel Asya Rolls Matthias Mack Stefano Pluchino Gianvito Martino Steffen Jung Michal Schwartz 《PLoS medicine》2009,6(7)
Background
Although macrophages (MΦ) are known as essential players in wound healing, their contribution to recovery from spinal cord injury (SCI) is a subject of debate. The difficulties in distinguishing between different MΦ subpopulations at the lesion site have further contributed to the controversy and led to the common view of MΦ as functionally homogenous. Given the massive accumulation in the injured spinal cord of activated resident microglia, which are the native immune occupants of the central nervous system (CNS), the recruitment of additional infiltrating monocytes from the peripheral blood seems puzzling. A key question that remains is whether the infiltrating monocyte-derived MΦ contribute to repair, or represent an unavoidable detrimental response. The hypothesis of the current study is that a specific population of infiltrating monocyte-derived MΦ is functionally distinct from the inflammatory resident microglia and is essential for recovery from SCI.Methods and Findings
We inflicted SCI in adult mice, and tested the effect of infiltrating monocyte-derived MΦ on the recovery process. Adoptive transfer experiments and bone marrow chimeras were used to functionally distinguish between the resident microglia and the infiltrating monocyte-derived MΦ. We followed the infiltration of the monocyte-derived MΦ to the injured site and characterized their spatial distribution and phenotype. Increasing the naïve monocyte pool by either adoptive transfer or CNS-specific vaccination resulted in a higher number of spontaneously recruited cells and improved recovery. Selective ablation of infiltrating monocyte-derived MΦ following SCI while sparing the resident microglia, using either antibody-mediated depletion or conditional ablation by diphtheria toxin, impaired recovery. Reconstitution of the peripheral blood with monocytes resistant to ablation restored the lost motor functions. Importantly, the infiltrating monocyte-derived MΦ displayed a local anti-inflammatory beneficial role, which was critically dependent upon their expression of interleukin 10.Conclusions
The results of this study attribute a novel anti-inflammatory role to a unique subset of infiltrating monocyte-derived MΦ in SCI recovery, which cannot be provided by the activated resident microglia. According to our results, limited recovery following SCI can be attributed in part to the inadequate, untimely, spontaneous recruitment of monocytes. This process is amenable to boosting either by active vaccination with a myelin-derived altered peptide ligand, which indicates involvement of adaptive immunity in monocyte recruitment, or by augmenting the naïve monocyte pool in the peripheral blood. Thus, our study sheds new light on the long-held debate regarding the contribution of MΦ to recovery from CNS injuries, and has potentially far-reaching therapeutic implications. Please see later in the article for Editors'' Summary 相似文献72.
Seasonality in coastal benthic ecosystems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
For historical reasons, knowledge about seasonality in the dynamics of marine benthic suspension feeders from temperate areas comes mainly from studies of cold temperate seas. Recent surveys of Mediterranean taxa show different patterns from those observed in cold temperate seas, which are characterized by winter dormancy. In the Mediterranean, summer dormancy predominates among taxa and appears to be related to energetic constraints. Temperature and food availability are crucial to the dynamics of benthic suspension feeders. However, because these factors tend to be positively correlated in cold temperate seas, it is difficult to distinguish between their effects. Such correlation does not occur in Mediterranean ecosystems. The contrast between recent studies in the Mediterranean and in other areas can help to disentangle confounded environmental controls. 相似文献
73.
74.
Daniele Mascali Mauro DiNuzzo Tommaso Gili Marta Moraschi Michela Fratini Bruno Maraviglia Laura Serra Marco Bozzali Federico Giove 《PloS one》2015,10(4)
Low frequency fluctuations (LFFs) of the BOLD signal are a major discovery in the study of the resting brain with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Two fMRI-based measures, functional connectivity (FC), a measure of signal synchronicity, and the amplitude of LFFs (ALFF), a measure of signal periodicity, have been proved to be sensitive to changes induced by several neurological diseases, including degenerative dementia. In spite of the increasing use of these measures, whether and how they are related to each other remains to be elucidated. In this work we used voxel-wise FC and ALFF computed in different frequency bands (slow-5: 0.01-0.027 Hz; slow-4: 0.027-0.073 Hz; and full-band: 0.01-0.073 Hz), in order to assess their relationship in healthy elderly as well as the relevant changes induced by Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). We found that in healthy elderly subjects FC and ALFF are positively correlated in anterior and posterior cingulate cortex (full-band, slow-4 and slow-5), temporal cortex (full-band and slow-5), and in a set of subcortical regions (full-band and slow-4). These correlation patterns between FC and ALFF were absent in either AD or MCI patients. Notably, the loss of correlation between FC and ALFF in the AD group was primarily due to changes in FC rather than in ALFF. Our results indicate that degenerative dementia is characterized by a loss of global connection rather than by a decrease of fluctuation amplitude. 相似文献
75.
Abstract
The Mediterranean red coral (Corallium rubrum, L. 1758) is a slow-growing longevous gorgonian that produces a red calcium carbonate skeleton, which is in high demand by
the jewellery industry. Its long history of intensive commercial harvesting has resulted in a well-documented decline of its
stocks throughout the Mediterranean, becoming especially apparent during the last two decades. Based on the extensive ecological
data from the Costa Brava (NE Spain) stocks, this study reviews, for the first time, socioeconomic aspects and the impact
of current fishing practices on the red coral population structure and reproductive biology. A comparison of the intensively
harvested populations in shallow water with that of the infrequently harvested ones in deep water, along with a population
in a marine reserve as well, reveals that 98% of all shallow water colonies show a juvenile size and branching pattern as
a result of harvesting. Recent data on the reproductive biology of the species show that 91% of the colonies in shallow water
populations (<60 m depth) are not 100% sexually mature. These populations are clearly at the limit of their recoverability
potential. The maximum sustainable yield (estimated using the Beverton-Holt model) is reached at an age of first capture of
98 years, although the current regulations allow harvesting of approximately 11-year-old colonies (corresponding to a basal
diameter of 7 mm). The presented data reveal how this renewable resource is being exploited in a clearly non-sustainable and
inefficient way, changing significantly the underwater landscape of the Mediterranean coast. The review of all available data
suggests that the shallow water stocks are depleted. Furthermore, recent trends in poaching of juvenile colonies and mass
mortality events threaten the survival of the shallow water populations. A ban on reconstituted coral from the market appears
to be the only option to control this form of poaching. 相似文献
76.
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78.
Katalin Zboray Wolfgang Sommeregger Edith Bogner Andreas Gili Thomas Sterovsky Katharina Fauland Beatrice Grabner Patricia Stiedl Herwig P. Moll Anton Bauer Renate Kunert Emilio Casanova 《Nucleic acids research》2015,43(16):e102
Upon stable cell line generation, chromosomal integration site of the vector DNA has a major impact on transgene expression. Here we apply an active gene environment, rather than specified genetic elements, in expression vectors used for random integration. We generated a set of Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) vectors with different open chromatin regions, promoters and gene regulatory elements and tested their impact on recombinant protein expression in CHO cells. We identified the Rosa26 BAC as the most efficient vector backbone showing a nine-fold increase in both polyclonal and clonal production of the human IgG-Fc. Clonal protein production was directly proportional to integrated vector copy numbers and remained stable during 10 weeks without selection pressure. Finally, we demonstrated the advantages of BAC-based vectors by producing two additional proteins, HIV-1 glycoprotein CN54gp140 and HIV-1 neutralizing PG9 antibody, in bioreactors and shake flasks reaching a production yield of 1 g/l. 相似文献
79.
Fernando A. Poletta Jorge S. López Camelo Juan A. Gili Emmanuele Leoncini Eduardo E. Castilla Pierpaolo Mastroiacovo 《PloS one》2012,7(10)
Background
Different approaches have been used in case-control studies to estimate maternal exposure to medications and the risk of birth defects. However, the performance of these approaches and how they affect the odds ratio (OR) estimates have not been evaluated using birth-defect surveillance programmes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the scope and limitations of three case-control approaches to assess the teratogenic risk of birth defects in mothers exposed to antiepileptic medications, insulin, or acetaminophen.Methodology/Principal Findings
We studied 110,814 non-malformed newborns and 58,514 live newborns with birth defects registered by the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Anomalies (ECLAMC) between 1967 and 2008. Four controls were randomly selected for each case in the same hospital and period, and three different control groups were used: non-malformed newborns (HEALTHY), malformed newborns (SICK), and a subgroup of SICK, only-exposed cases (OECA). Associations were evaluated using OR and Pearson''s chi-square (P<0.01). There were no concordance correlations between the HEALTHY and OECA designs, and the average OR differences ranged from 3.0 to 11.5 for the three evaluated medicines. The overestimations observed for HEALTHY design were increased as higher OR values were given, with a high and statistically significant correlation between the difference and the mean. On the contrary, the concordance correlations obtained between the SICK and OECA designs were quite good, with no significant differences in the average risks.Conclusions
The HEALTHY design estimates the true population OR, but shows a high rate of false-positive results presumably caused by differential misclassification bias. This bias decreases with the increase of the proportion of exposed controls. SICK and OECA odds ratios cannot be considered a direct estimate of the true population OR except under certain conditions. However, the SICK and OECA designs could provide practical information to generate hypotheses about potential teratogens. 相似文献80.
Regev-Yochay G Abullaish I Malley R Shainberg B Varon M Roytman Y Ziv A Goral A Elhamdany A Rahav G Raz M;Palestinian-Israeli Collaborative Research Study Group 《PloS one》2012,7(4):e35061