DNA ploidy of human breast cancer

Ploidy was determined on 663 resectable primary tumors from untreated patients. Nuclei obtained by mechanical disaggregation of frozen tissue were stained with propidium iodide and analysed in a FACS IV. Aneuploidy was detected in 73% of cases. It was not significantly related to nodal involvement or tumor size, although the highest frequencies were observed in large tumors (88%) or with more than 10 positive nodes (77%). Aneuploidy was more frequently observed in ductal infiltrating (81%) than in lobular histology and in tumors lacking both progesterone and estrogen receptors (85%). Analysis of ploidy in primary and synchronous lymph node metastases from the same patient showed a high agreement rate (90%) of DNA patterns simply defined as diploid or aneuploid. However, differences in DNA stemlines and DNA indices between the two synchronous lesions from the same patient were a rather frequent event.     

Effect of protons on the amidase activity of human alpha-thrombin. Analysis in terms of a general linkage scheme

The amidase activity of human alpha-thrombin has been studied in the pH range 5.5 to 10, and at four different chloride concentrations from 5 mM to 1 M. The Michaelis-Menten constant, Km, shows a bell-shaped dependence over the pH range studied, with a minimum around pH 8. The pH dependence of the catalytic constant, kcat, shows multiple inflection points especially at low (less than 0.1 M) chloride concentrations, thereby implicating the existence of multiple catalytic forms of the enzyme. A general linkage scheme is proposed for the analysis of the effect of protons on thrombin amidase activity, and experimental data have globally been analysed over the entire pH range in terms of such a scheme. Four proton-linked ionizable groups seem to be involved in the control of thrombin amidase activity. Two of these groups change their pK value upon substrate binding to the enzyme and account for the pH dependence of Km. All four groups control the catalytic activity of the enzyme which decreases with increasing protonation. Chloride has little effect on Km, while kcat changes significantly at pH less than 8. This effect is due to an increased enzymatic activity of the highly protonated intermediates at high chloride concentrations, as well as to the pK shift of two proton-linked ionizable groups.     

The extension reached by the minimization of the polarity distances during the evolution of the genetic code

Summary The level reached by the optimization of the polarity distances during the evolution of the genetic code was investigated. The results, although not conclusive, indicate that this optimization level is higher than the data reported in the literature. The results seem compatible with the reaching of an evolutionary minimum, with respect to the optimization of the polarity distances, by the genetic code during its formation.     

A case of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin caused by a gene not linked to the β-globin cluster

Summary The pattern of inheritance of several polymorphic restriction sites associated with the -gene cluster, and spanning a region of 52 kb, demonstrates that a determinant for hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) segregates independently from the non- globin gene cluster, as we postulated several years ago on purely genetical grounds. This finding provides additional evidence for the existence of diffusible factors affecting -chain expression. Moreover, we have identified a private HinccII polymorphism, in the vicinity of the gene in the family studied.     

Analysis of brain and myelin lipids by high-performance thin layer chromatography and densitometry

We have developed a simple method involving high-performance thin layer chromatographic separation of total brain and myelin lipids. Only two solvent systems consisting of chloroform: methanol: acetic acid and water at different concentrations were needed. The plate was then stained with three sequential procedures to visualize phospholipids, cholesterol and galactolipids. Densitometric procedure at each step of staining was utilized to obtain quantitative analysis of brain and myelin samples.     

Purine metabolism: determination of adenyl deaminase in human lymphocytes

Adenylic acid (AMP) deaminase is a "catabolic enzyme" involved in nucleotide degradation, transforming AMP into inosinic acid (IMP). We present a simple method for the determination of the enzyme activity, which combines high sensitivity with requirement of low quantities of lymphocytes. Human lymphocytes were isolated with a Lymphocyte Separation Medium from FLOW and sonicated. After centrifugation at 2,000 rpm x 10 min and treatment with Norit A, the cells were incubated at 37 degrees C with ATP 0.8 mM and 14C-AMP 0.1 mM (specific activity 12 microCi/mumole) in potassium phosphate 100 mM (pH 7.4). 14C-IMP and 14C-AMP were separated through HPLC by an isocratic elution, with 20 mM KH2PO4 (pH 5.5) at a 1.5 ml/min flow rate. Identification of the nucleotides was carried out through retention time, coelution with internal standards: their evaluation by determining the radioactivity of the collected peaks. The enzyme activity is decreased in patients affected by CLL: the decrease is evident only when data are referred to the single cells and not when they are referred to the protein.     

Organellar DNA replication inNicotiana tabacum cultured cells

In the diploid vegetative plant cell, the nuclear DNA is present in two copies, whereas the chloroplast and mitochondria genomes are present in a higher and variable copy number. We have studied the replication of the nuclear, chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA in culturedNicotiana tabacum cells using density and radioactive markers. Essentially all the 10 000 chloroplast genomes in a given cell replicate in one cell cycle as do all the mitochondrial DNA molecules. No measurable level of unreplicated organellar DNA molecules can be detected in these cells.     

Mechanisms by which EGF receptor and TGF alpha contribute to malignant transformation

Alterations affecting the epidermal growth factor/transforming growth factor alpha-responsive mitogenic pathway are frequently detected in malignancies. In particular, the epidermal growth factor receptor has been found overexpressed in a number of human tumors. Production and secretion of transforming growth factor type alpha has also been shown in several tumor cells but not in their normal counterparts. In this review we describe the establishment of in vitro model systems to study the transforming potential of these molecules and summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in transformation by genes encoding a growth factor and a growth factor receptor.     

Cobalt stimulates carotid body chemoreceptors

Because cobalt administration is known to elicit erythropoietin response, it is a reasonable hypothesis that cobalt would also stimulate the O2-sensing process in the peripheral chemoreceptors. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the effects of cobalt chloride on carotid chemosensory fibers in pentobarbital-anesthetized cats that were paralyzed and artificially ventilated. Responses of carotid chemoreceptor afferents to graded doses of cobalt given by intra-arterial injections (0.08-2.10 mumols) were measured at constant blood gases. Responses of the same chemoreceptor afferents to hypoxia, before and after a saturation dose of cobalt, were measured. In two experiments carotid body tissue PO2 was also simultaneously measured. The chemosensory fibers showed prolonged excitation after a brief period of inhibition subsequent to cobalt administration. The stimulatory effect showed a dose-dependent saturation response. Cobalt augmented rather than blocked carotid chemoreceptor response to hypoxia. The effect of cobalt was not mediated by tissue PO2. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that cobalt stimulates the O2-sensing mechanism, although a direct effect of cobalt on the excitability of the chemosensory terminal remains a possibility.