Vergleichende Untersuchungen an haploiden und durch Colchicineinwirkung diploid gewordenen Stämmen vonOedogonium cardiacum

Zusammenfassung Durch die Behandlung gut teilungsfähiger Fäden vonOedogonium cardiacum mit einer 1%igen Colchicinlösung während 36 Stunden läßt sich Polyploidie auslösen.Die Bestimmung des Zuwachses von je 65 fünfzelligen haploiden und diploiden Keimlingen nach 1, 2 und 3 Wochen ergibt für haploide und diploide Zellen eine weitgehend übereinstimmende Vermehrungsrate.Die haploiden Keimlinge reagieren auf eine leichte Veränderung der Außenbedingungen im Zuge der Überimpfung mit einer höheren Absterberate als die diploiden (31 gegenüber 9).Die Bestimmung der Zellzahl von 500 beliebigen Keimlingen aus Massenkulturen in Abständen von 10, 20 und 30 Tagen nach dem Überimpfen ergibt nach den ersten beiden Zeiträumen eine höhere Zahl für die haploiden, nach 30 Tagen aber eine merkbar höhere für die diploiden Keimlinge. Dabei ist nach 10 und 20 Tagen der Anteil Einzelliger bei den diploiden Keimlingen viel höher als bei den haploiden; ob dies auf verzögerter oder wiederholter Schwärmerbildung beruht oder an einem Keimverzug liegt, ist fraglich. Jedenfalls wird das anfängliche Nachhinken der diploiden Keimlinge nach 20–30 Tagen völlig ausgeglichen.Im Konkurrenzversuch erweist sich unter den gegebenen Kulturbedingungen die diploide der haploiden Sippe hinsichtlich der Vermehrungsrate überlegen; denn bei Beimpfung der Kulturgefäße mit je zehn haploiden und zehn diploiden 40zelligen Fäden (vier Parallelversuche) finden sich in 35 Tage nachher entnommenen Proben ungefähr 2/3 diploide und 1/3 haploide Zellen.Die Mittelwerte des Zellvolumens von haploiden und diploiden Keimlingen verhalten sich wie 14,6, die des Kernvolumens wie 14,0.Die Anzahl der Pyrenoide ist bei den diploiden Zellen erhöht (100 haploide Zellen enthielten 306, 100 diploide 584 Pyrenoide), das einzelne Pyrenoid ist etwas vergrößert.Hinsichtlich der Breite der Chromatophorenlamellen ergeben sich zwischen haploiden und diploiden Zellen keine wesentlichen Unterschiede.Die Chromosomenzahl vonOedogonium cardiacum beträgt n=19. Im haploiden Satz liegen drei verschiedene, charakteristisch gestaltete SAT-Chromosomen vor.Mit Hilfe der Colchicin-Behandlung lassen sich auch tetraploide Zellen und kurze Fadenstücke erzielen, doch zeigt sich bei diesen eine verminderte Vitalität.     

Microanalysis of lactose in tissue culture medium using an enzymatic-fluorometric method

A fluoroenzymatic microdetermination of lactose in tissue culture medium is described. The method is based on the conversion of lactose to galactonic acid by the enzymes galactosidase and galactose dehydrogenase. The resultant reduction of NAD to NADH is measured fluorometrically. Before assaying for lactose the high background fluorescence of tissue culture medium is reduced by deproteinization and adsorption of fluorescent substances with either Florisil or dextran-charcoal. As little as 0.05 nmol of lactose in medium with or without phenol red can be detected after this treatment, whereas for untreated medium the limit of sensitivity of the assay is 1.0 nmol. This method should prove useful for the detection of lactose produced by small numbers of mammary epithelial cells in culture.     

Quinacrine fluorescence and Giemsa banding in trisomy 22

Summary Using quinacrine fluorescence and Giemsa banding techniques we have identified an extra chromosome 22 in three non-mongoloid children with similar phenotypes and 47 chromosomes. In one of the children, the long arm of the extra 22 was shorter than usual. This 22q—chrcmcscme was observed in 4 normal family members with 46 chromosomes. In a fourth child, with similar physical findings, the extra G chromosome was shown to be neither a normal 21 nor 22. It must have arisen from a rearrangement in a parental gamete since it was not present in either parent's karyotype.No constellation of clinical findings, in association with an extra G chromosome, is sufficient evidence for the diagnosis of trisomy 22. The positive identification of the extra chromosome must be made using fluorescence and banding.This paper is dedicated to Professor Marcus M. Rhoades on his 70th birthday in grateful recognition of his friendship, help and advice.Supported in part by U.S. Public Health Service Grants HD1313, RR-75 and TI-HD-66 from the National Institutes of Health. A portion of this paper was presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Pediatric Research, Atlantic City, N.J. May 1, 1971.     

Semiautomated enzymic micro methods for blood glucose and lactic acid on a single filtrate

Methods have been modified and adapted to permit enzymic automated micro analysis of glucose on 0.021 ml of blood, and of lactic acid on 0.0115 ml of blood. By means of a single 1:20 Somogyi filtrate with a final volume of 1–1.4 ml prepared from 0.1–0.15 ml blood, both determinations can be accomplished individually on the autoanalyzer.The range of concentrations of each method has been extended so that glucose may be determined between 5 and $\text{200 mg}\text{100 ml}$ (or higher depending on dilution) and lactic acid between 5 and $\text{125 mg}\text{100 ml}$.The methods are sensitive, reproducible, and stable. The recoveries and the comparison studies with manual methods are well within the limits of clinical investigation procdures.     

Effect of Arginine-deficient Media on the Herpes-Type Virus Associated with Cultured Burkitt Tumor Cells

After incubation at 37 C for 2 or more days, Basal Medium Eagle (BME) supplemented with 25% fetal calf serum (FCS) was not able to support adequate growth of EB3 and other lines of Burkitt tumor cells. The medium did, however, increase, by a factor of about 10, the number of cells synthesizing herpes-type virus with which the cultures were persistently infected. Not every lot of FCS produced these effects, nor were these effects seen when BME and FCS were incubated separately for 7 days before the medium was completed. At 37 C, appropriate lots of FCS interacted with several of the amino acids present in BME; this interaction resulted in an inhibition of cellular growth, whereas interaction with arginine yielded the virus-enhancing effect. Arginine-free BME, supplemented with 25% FCS and used without prior incubation, prevented cellular replication and promoted viral infection to a similar extent as did preincubated complete medium. Replenishment of arginine reduced, but did not regularly abolish, the virus-enhancing activity of preincubated media. RPMI-1629 medium was less affected by preincubation with FCS because it contained twice the amount of arginine that BME contained. The FCS factors which act upon arginine and other amino acids are not dialyzable and are partially resistant to heating at 56 or 60 C for 30 to 60 min. Calf and horse sera appear to be devoid of these activities. The nature of these interactions, as well as the mechanism by which arginine deficiency enhanced the viral infection, remains to be ascertained.     

Domestic dog origin of canine distemper virus in free-ranging wolves in Portugal as revealed by hemagglutinin gene characterization

Serologic evidence for canine distemper virus (CDV) has been described in grey wolves but, to our knowledge, virus strains circulating in wolves have not been characterized genetically. The emergence of CDV in several non-dog hosts has been associated with amino acid substitutions at sites 530 and 549 of the hemagglutinin (H) protein. We sequenced the H gene of wild-type canine distemper virus obtained from two free-ranging Iberian wolves (Canis lupus signatus) and from one domestic dog (Canis familiaris). More differences were found between the two wolf sequences than between one of the wolves (wolf 75) and the dog. The latter two had a very high nucleotide similarity resulting in identical H gene amino acid sequences. Possible explanations include geographic and especially temporal proximity of the CDV obtained from wolf 75 and the domestic dog, taken in 2007-2008, as opposed to that from wolf 3 taken more distantly in 1998. Analysis of the deduced amino acids of the viral hemagglutinin revealed a glycine (G) and a tyrosine (Y) at amino acid positions 530 and 549, respectively, of the partial signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)-receptor binding region which is typically found in viral strains obtained from domestic dogs. This suggests that the CDV found in these wolves resulted from transmission events from local domestic dogs rather than from wildlife species.     

The Melanosome: An Ideal Model to Study Cellular Differentiation

Melanosomes provide an intriguing model for study at many levels. In part this is due to their unique structure and function, but also in part to their involvement in pigmentary diseases and as a model to study basic cellular mechanisms of organelle biogenesis. Recent studies have elucidated the full proteome of the melanosome and the metabolic and molecular lesions involved in a number of pigmentary diseases have been resolved. This paper summarizes recent advances in the field in these areas.