全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4945篇 |
免费 | 316篇 |
国内免费 | 3篇 |
专业分类
5264篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 49篇 |
2020年 | 27篇 |
2019年 | 39篇 |
2018年 | 58篇 |
2017年 | 43篇 |
2016年 | 82篇 |
2015年 | 144篇 |
2014年 | 218篇 |
2013年 | 250篇 |
2012年 | 275篇 |
2011年 | 295篇 |
2010年 | 189篇 |
2009年 | 200篇 |
2008年 | 254篇 |
2007年 | 286篇 |
2006年 | 256篇 |
2005年 | 227篇 |
2004年 | 222篇 |
2003年 | 223篇 |
2002年 | 216篇 |
2001年 | 54篇 |
2000年 | 48篇 |
1999年 | 66篇 |
1998年 | 77篇 |
1997年 | 47篇 |
1996年 | 45篇 |
1995年 | 47篇 |
1994年 | 53篇 |
1993年 | 63篇 |
1992年 | 66篇 |
1991年 | 64篇 |
1990年 | 49篇 |
1989年 | 51篇 |
1988年 | 52篇 |
1987年 | 27篇 |
1986年 | 48篇 |
1985年 | 60篇 |
1984年 | 39篇 |
1983年 | 40篇 |
1982年 | 47篇 |
1981年 | 40篇 |
1980年 | 37篇 |
1979年 | 27篇 |
1978年 | 40篇 |
1976年 | 36篇 |
1975年 | 29篇 |
1974年 | 22篇 |
1973年 | 29篇 |
1971年 | 26篇 |
1964年 | 27篇 |
排序方式: 共有5264条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
51.
Andreas H. Kottmann Gerhard H. A. Seemann H. Detlef Guessow Marleen H. Roos 《Immunogenetics》1986,23(6):396-400
An HLA-B44 cDNA clone was identified in a cDNA library constructed from an HLA-B44 homozygous cell line. The DNA sequence was determined and was found to contain the complete coding sequence but for (probably) the three N-terminal codons. Comparisons of the derived amino acid sequence with other HLA-A and -B locus amino acid sequences revealed four HLA-B44-specific substitutions including a new polymorphic site. Regions of strong sequence conservation for HLA-B-locus products were found at the nucleotide and amino acid levels. 相似文献
52.
Summary An overflow filtration unit for cell recycle with Clostridium acetobutylicum was developed. A cellulose-triacetate ultrafiltration membrane with a cut-off volume of 20 000 MW was found to work best. C. acetobutylicum was grown in continuous culture under phosphate limitation (0.74 mM) at a pH value of 4.4 with cell recycle, the cell dry weight in the culture vessel reached 13.1 g/l at a dilution rate of D=0.10 h-1 and 37°C. 377 mM of glucose were fermented to 190 mM butanol, 116.2 mM acetone and 25.8 mM ethanol. Total acids were 47.6 mM. The butanol productivity was 1.41 g/l/h. At a dilution rate of 0.40 h-1 the butanol productivity was increased to 4.1 g/l/h but glucose consumption was decreased to 285 mM and butanol, acetone and ethanol production to 138.2, 97.5, 16.5 mM, respectively. 相似文献
53.
Ten strains representing a novel genus of marine thermophilic archaebacteria growing at between 70 and 103°C with an optimal growth temperature of 100°C and a doubling time of only 37 min were isolated from geothermally heated marine sediments at the beach of Porto di Levante, Vulcano, Italy. The organisms are spherical-shaped, 0.8 to 2.5 m in width and exhibit monopolar polytrichous flagellation. They are strictly anaerobic heterotrophs, growing on starch, maltose, peptone and complex organic substrates. Only CO2 and H2 could be detected as metabolic products, the latter being inhibitory to growth at high concentrations. Hydrogen inhibition can be prevented by the addition of So, whereupon H2S is formed in addition, most likely as the result of a detoxification reaction. The GC-content of the DNA of isolate Vc 1 is 38 mol%. The new genus is named Pyrococcus, the fireball. Type species and strain is Pyrococcus furiosus Vc 1 (DSM 3638). 相似文献
54.
Gerhard Sandmann 《Archives of microbiology》1986,145(1):76-79
Fifteen species from different genera of blue-green algae have been examined for their formation of plastocyanin (PC) and cytochrome c-553 (cyt c-553) in high or low Cu media. In addition to species which contain only cyt c-553 and those which completely exchange their cyt c-553 by PC, a new regulatory type was detected in which this exchange was incomplete. By comparing different species, it could be shown that either this incomplete exchange of cyt c-553 by PC as well as lack of PC in some other blue-green algae is not caused by restricted Cu uptake but is due to different biosynthetic and regulatory properties. Occurrence of PC and cyt c-553 cannot be used as a taxonomic criterium to classify blue-green algae. However, formation of either one or both of these redox components fits well into a line of evolution of the photosynthetic apparatus from the blue-green algae via green algae to higher plants.Abbreviations PC
plastocyanin; cyt c-553, cytochrome c-553 相似文献
55.
Distribution and abundance of the planktic foraminifer Neogloboquadrina pachyderma in sea ice of the Weddell Sea (Antarctica) 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
Summary Sea ice cores were obtained from eleven fast ice stations and one floe in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica in January–February 1985. All cores from the north eastern part of the Weddell Sea contained numerous living and dead planktic foraminifers of the species Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (Ehrenberg), while cores drilled in southern parts were barren of foraminifers with one exception. Foraminiferal abundances were variable, with numbers up to 320 individuals per liter melted sea ice. Distribution of foraminifers appears to be patchy, parallel cores taken less than 30 cm apart contained numbers which varied considerably. On the other hand, three cores taken on a transect each more than 3 km apart showed striking similarities. In general, small dead tests were found in the upper parts of the sea ice cores while large living individuals mainly occurred in lower sections. Abundant diatoms probably serve as a food source for the foraminifers. Correlation of foraminiferal abundance with salinity, chlorophyll and nutrient profiles are inconsistent. The possible mechanism of incorporation of N. pachyderma into the ice is discussed. 相似文献
56.
The hematological micronucleus test is regarded as an indicator of the clastogenic effect of chemicals and acute cytogenetic damage. The test can be carried out in red blood cells of the bone marrow and of the spleen, as well as in peripheral erythrocytes. We have determined the precise background values of micronucleated red blood cells for the peripheral blood of BALB/c DBA/2, and NMRI mice. Bleeding, phenylhydrazine-induced hemolysis, and splenectomy generated an increase of micronucleated erythrocytes in the peripheral blood of mice. Our data thus demonstrate that such factors should be taken into consideration when the micronucleus test is used for screening the genotoxic potential of chemicals. Furthermore, the micronucleus-inducing effect of cyclophosphamide was studied in normal and splenectomized mice and, in addition, a comparison of the sensitivity of the micronucleus test was carried out in peripheral blood and bone marrow after cyclophosphamide treatment. Our data demonstrate that the kinetics of micronucleus formation were similar in normal and in splenectomized mice in which the micronucleus levels had returned to normal. The comparison of micronucleus formation in bone marrow and peripheral blood after cyclophosphamide treatment revealed the generation of similar quantities of micronucleated red blood cells in both tissues. The physiological mechanisms of micronucleus formation and removal and the potential role of chemically induced spleen damage during this process are discussed; the usefulness of the peripheral micronucleus test as a simple, rapid, and animal-saving modification of the standard bone marrow test is evaluated.Abbreviations CP
cyclophosphamide
- MN
micronuclei
- MNCE
micronucleated normochromatic erythrocytes
- MNPCE
micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes
- MNRBC
micronucleated red blood cells
- NCE
normochromatic erythrocytes
- PCE
polychromatic erythrocytes 相似文献
57.
Monoclonal anti-hemagglutinin antibodies detect irreversible antigenic alterations that coincide with the acid activation of influenza virus A/PR/834-mediated hemolysis. 总被引:14,自引:6,他引:8
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Journal of virology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Exposure of influenza virus to an acidic environment, which is known to be required for viral fusion and hemolysis, has recently been shown to induce a conformational change in the hemagglutinin molecule. In the present study, we examined the effects of acid incubation on the antigenicity, biological activity, and morphology of influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1). Incubation of PR8 virus at pH 5 in the absence of erythrocytes resulted in a rapid and irreversible loss of viral hemolytic activity and infectivity. Apart from a less distinct appearance of the viral surface projections and slight damage to the envelope structure, acid incubation did not result in gross morphological changes in the viral architecture. The acid-induced change could be detected in the form of greatly increased or decreased binding of many monoclonal antibodies directed to each of the four major antigenic regions of the hemagglutinin. Triggering of viral hemolytic activity and antigenic alterations was similarly pH dependent. In addition, the different pH dependencies of egg-grown and trypsin-treated MDCK-grown viruses coincided with an analogous pH dependence of the antigenic alterations that were observed with these viruses. These observations are compatible with the idea that some of the anti-hemagglutinin antibodies detect conformational changes in the hemagglutinin which are required for the initiation of fusion and hemolysis. 相似文献
58.
59.
Processing of yeast mitochondrial RNA: involvement of intramolecular hybrids in splicing of cob intron 4 RNA by mutation and reversion 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
Brigitte Weiss-Brummer Jürgen Holl Rudolf J. Schweyen Gerhard Rödel Fritz Kaudewitz 《Cell》1983,33(1):195-202
Revertants have been obtained from six mutants of the box9 cluster, which are supposed to be defective in RNA splicing as a result of alterations in a splice signal sequence. This sequence is in the 5' part of intron 4 of the cob gene, 330 to 340 bp downstream from the 5' splice site. Sequencing reveals that reversion to splicing competence is achieved by restoration of the wild-type box9 sequence; by creation of novel box9 sequences; and by introduction of a second site or suppressor mutation (sup-) compensating for the effect of the primary box9- mutation. The sup- mutation alters a sequence in intron 4,293 bp upstream from the box9- primary mutation. The box9 sequence and this upstream sequence can base pair to form an intramolecular hybrid in intron RNA in which box9- and sup- are compensatory base pair exchanges (G----A and C----U, respectively). Thus intramolecular hybrid structures of intron RNA are essential for RNA splicing. 相似文献
60.
The recognition specificity of a murine helper T cell for hemagglutinin of influenza virus A/PR/8/34 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Human large granular lymphocytes (LGL), which are known to be responsible for natural killer (NK) cell activity, also produced a variety of lymphokines including interleukin 2 (IL 2), colony stimulating factor (CSF), and interferon (IFN) in response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or concanavalin A (Con A). Human peripheral blood LGL, which were purified by removal of monocytes adhering to plastic flasks and nylon columns, followed by separation on a discontinuous Percoll gradient, and additional treatment with anti-OKT3 and Leu-M1 plus complement, were more potent producers of these lymphokines than unseparated mononuclear cells (MNC), nylon column-eluted cells, or purified T lymphocytes. Moreover, IL 2 production by LGL could be further distinguished in that it was not enhanced by the addition of macrophages or macrophage-derived factor, i.e., IL 1, whereas addition of macrophages did potentiate IL 2 production by T lymphocytes. Further analysis of cells in the LGL population using various monoclonal antibodies revealed that removal of cells with OKT11 or AF-10, a monoclonal antibody against human HLA-DR antigen, decreased IL 2 production, whereas removal of OKT8+, OKM1+, Leu-M1+, or Leu-7+ cells led to enhanced IL 2 production. The LGL population is therefore heterogeneous and includes at least three functionally and phenotypically distinct subsets. An atypical T cell subset (OKT3-, Leu-1-, OKT11+) rather than the myeloid subset of LGL (Leu-M1+ or OKMI+) was the source of LGL-derived IL 2, whereas the latter subset and/or another subset of OKT8+ cells appear to regulate this IL 2 production. In addition to performing NK activity, LGL on a per cell basis seem to be more effective than T lymphocytes in producing lymphokines, namely, IL2, CSF, and IFN. 相似文献