全文获取类型
收费全文 | 97888篇 |
免费 | 7657篇 |
国内免费 | 342篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 733篇 |
2018年 | 1370篇 |
2017年 | 1312篇 |
2016年 | 1909篇 |
2015年 | 2680篇 |
2014年 | 3095篇 |
2013年 | 3846篇 |
2012年 | 4619篇 |
2011年 | 4471篇 |
2010年 | 2825篇 |
2009年 | 2421篇 |
2008年 | 3853篇 |
2007年 | 3885篇 |
2006年 | 3807篇 |
2005年 | 3491篇 |
2004年 | 3387篇 |
2003年 | 3160篇 |
2002年 | 3144篇 |
2001年 | 4301篇 |
2000年 | 4077篇 |
1999年 | 3121篇 |
1998年 | 1158篇 |
1997年 | 955篇 |
1996年 | 878篇 |
1995年 | 786篇 |
1994年 | 799篇 |
1993年 | 734篇 |
1992年 | 2121篇 |
1991年 | 1965篇 |
1990年 | 1865篇 |
1989年 | 1772篇 |
1988年 | 1604篇 |
1987年 | 1512篇 |
1986年 | 1407篇 |
1985年 | 1369篇 |
1984年 | 1063篇 |
1983年 | 974篇 |
1982年 | 786篇 |
1981年 | 729篇 |
1979年 | 1128篇 |
1978年 | 833篇 |
1977年 | 729篇 |
1975年 | 878篇 |
1974年 | 940篇 |
1973年 | 899篇 |
1972年 | 938篇 |
1971年 | 884篇 |
1970年 | 790篇 |
1969年 | 815篇 |
1968年 | 747篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 246 毫秒
991.
1. Two mutants of the sodium channel II have been expressed inXenopus oocytes and have been investigated using the patch-clamp technique. In mutant E387Q the glutamic acid at position 387 has been replaced by glutamine, and in mutant D384N the aspartic acid at position 384 has been replaced by asparagine.2. Mutant E387Q, previously shown to be resistant to block by tetrodotoxin (Noda et al. 1989), has a single-channel conductance of 4 pS, that can be easily measured only using noise analysis. At variance with the wild-type, the openchannel current-voltage relationship of mutant E387Q is linear over a wide voltage range even under asymmetrical ionic conditions.3. Mutant D384N has a very low permeability for any of the following ions: Cl–, Na+, K+, Li+, Rb+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4
+ , TMA+, TEA+. However, asymmetric charge movements similar to the gating currents of the Na+-selective wild-type are still observed.4. These results suggest that residues E387 and D384 interact directly with the pathway of the ions permeating the open channel.Abbreviations TTX
tetrodotoxin; Na+, sodium; K+, potassium;
- NFR
normal frog Ringer
- HEPES
N-2-hydroxylethyl piperazine-N-2-ethanesulfonic acid
- EGTA
ethyleneglycol-bis(-amino-ethyl ether) N,N,N',N'-tetra acetic acid
- TEA
tetraethylammonium
- TMA
tetramethylammonium;I
g
, gating current; , single-channel conductance 相似文献
992.
Summary Four strains of Fusarium oxysporum and a strain of Monilia brunnae were screened for their ability to convert cellulosic substrates into ethanol/acetic acid. These strains were found to utilize cellulose and produce extracellular cellulases. However, only F. oxysporum 841 was found to convert glucose, xylose, and cellulose into ethanol and acetic acid as major end-products under microaerobic conditions. Acetic acid at a level of 4.7 g/l resulted in a single-step process on potato pulp medium, indicating the potential of the strain for converting cellulosic substrates into acetic acid.
Offprint requests to: K. Schügerl 相似文献
993.
Bernd Günzel Sems Yonsel Wolf-Dieter Deckwer 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1991,36(3):289-294
Summary The conversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol (PD) by Clostridium butyricum DSM 5431 was studied in anaerobic culture. Growth and product formation were optimal at pH = 7.0 and T = 35° C, while aeration rate and stirrer speed were found to have no significant influence. As increasing amounts of initial glycerol led to inhibition of growth, cultivations were done in fed-batch operation. Comparative cultivations were carried out in an air-lift (ALR) and a stirred-tank reactor (STR) having equal working volumes (V
L = 30 l) and no difference in product formation was found. The process was scaled up to reactor sizes of 1.2 m3 (ALR) and 2.0 m3 (STR). The same results were obtained irrespective of reactor volume as well as reactor type (STR/ALR). PD concentrations of approximately 50–58 g·l–1 and overall productivities of 2.3–2.9 g·l–1 ·h–1 could be reached.
Offprint requests to: W.-D. Deckwer 相似文献
994.
For several weeks, boars were fed feedstuff containing mycotoxins (zearalenone, nivalenol, and deoxynivalenol). To determine a possible mutagenic effect of this feedstuff, the boars were examinated for structural chromosome aberrations in the lymphocytes. The investigations indicate a genotoxic effect on the boars’ lymphocytes. 相似文献
995.
W H Schunck F Vogel B Gross E K?rgel S Mauersberger K K?pke C Gengnagel H G Müller 《European journal of cell biology》1991,55(2):336-345
cDNAs were cloned, sequenced and expressed which encode two different cytochrome P-450 forms of the alkane-assimilating yeast Candida maltosa, designated as P-450Cm1 and P-450Cm2. The amino acid sequences deduced were about 55% identical. Expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in the formation of intact microsomal P-450 systems catalyzing the hydroxylation of n-hexadecane and lauric acid with significantly different substrate preferences. A massive proliferation of the endoplasmic reticulum was observed in the S. cerevisiae cells which produced P-450. Depending on the P-450 form expressed, distinctly organized stacks of paired membranes appeared and occupied considerable areas of the cytoplasm. As shown by immunoelectron microscopy for P-450Cm1, the protein expressed was highly concentrated within these newly formed membrane structures. 相似文献
996.
Günther Gätje Volker Müller Gerhard Gottschalk 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1991,34(6):778-782
Summary During growth on a complex medium containing 2% (w/v) lactose, Lactobacillus helveticus produced about 180 mm lactate. Due to the acidification, the external pH decreased to 3.7. The pH remained constant at a level of 0.5–0.7 units (40 mV), and µLac decreased gradually from –60 to 0 mV. The mechanism of lactate extrusion was studied with resting cells. Upon dilution of lactate-loaded cells in a buffer containing [14C]-lactate, a typical counterflow was observed, suggesting that a carrier system was employed in lactate excretion. Influx of lactate could not be driven by an artificial membrane potential, indicating that lactate was electroneutrally transported. By examining efflux under various lactate anion and lactic acid concentrations, the undissociated form of the acid was shown to influence the velocity of the transport process. A pH-dependent apparent K
m value of the carrier system was observed in efflux experiments with increasing internal lactate concentrations. It was concluded that the mode of end-product excretion can be defined as a carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion with the undissociated lactic acid or the lactate anion in symport with one proton, respectively, as the object of transport.Abbreviations
L
tota
total lactate
-
L
undissb
free lactic acid
-
L
dissc
lactate anion
- pHed
external pH
- pHie
internal pH
- pH
transmembrane H+ gradient
- µLacf
transmembrane gradient of total lactate
- µHLg
transmembrane gradient of the free lactic acid
- µLh
transmembrane gradient of the lactate anion
-
V
Effii
efflux velocity
Offprint requests to: G. Gottschalk 相似文献
997.
Ralph Schröder Anke Maassen Andrea Lippoldt Thomas Börner Rüdiger von Baehr Peter Dobrowolski 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1991,35(5):631-637
Summary Using the broad-host-range promoter probe vector pRS201 for cloning of phage Acm1 promoters, we established a convenient vector system for expression of heterologous genes in different Gram-negative bacteria. The usefulness of this system was demonstrated by expression of the HBV core gene in Acetobacter methanolicus. Plasmids carrying the HBV core gene downstream of different Acm1-phage promoters were transferred to A. methanolicus, a new potential host for recombinant DNA expression. Using enzyme immunoassay and immunoblot techniques, the amount and composition of core antigen produced in A. methanolicus were compared with that derived from Escherichia coli. The expression of immunoreactive core antigen in A. methanolicus exceeds by sevenfold that in E. coli using an expression system with tandemly arranged promoters. Morphological observations by electron microscopy show that the HBV core gene products isolated from both hosts are assembled into regular spherical particles with a diameter of about 28 nm that are comparable to original viral nucleocapsids.
Offprint requests to: R. Schröder 相似文献
998.
N N Mudrik L G Eshkind T E Manakova E M Karalova D O Abroian V Z Tarantul K G Gazarian 《Molekuliarnaia genetika, mikrobiologiia i virusologiia》1991,(10):25-28
Transgenic mice were obtained inheriting the human erythropoietin gene under the control of viral regulatory elements. The reliable difference in haematocrit, the content of haemoglobin and percentage of reticulocytes in peripheral blood were not revealed. The level of serum erythropoietin in transgenic mice is several fold higher than in control mice. The increased pool of erythroid cells was observed in the bone marrow of transgenic mice, especially of normoblasts (3-fold) and reticulocytes (4,5-fold). 相似文献
999.
S Y Yan Z R Mao H Y Yang M A Tu S H Li G P Huang G S Li L Guo G Q Jin R F He 《The International journal of developmental biology》1991,35(4):429-435
The nucleus of a blastula cell from Tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica, family Cichlidae, order Perciformes) was transplanted into an enucleated egg of Loach (Paramisgurnus dabryanus, family Cobitidae, order Cypriniformes). From among 3747 nucleo-cytoplasmic hybrid (NCH) eggs two NCH larval fish (0.05%) were obtained; one died on the 6th day and the other died on the 12th day after the operation. Morphological examinations showed that both NCH larval fish had developed normally with an opened mouth except they could not take food after complete utilization of their egg yolk on the 5th day of development. The possible mechanisms for obtaining such inter-order NCH larval fish are discussed. This is the first report indicating that inter-order NCH larval fish can be obtained in spite of their evolutionary divergence. 相似文献
1000.
The effects of 50 microM lanthanum (La3+) on the contractile force, rate and coronary flow of rat hearts perfused with solutions containing 2.5, 5, 7.5 mM calcium (Ca2+) have been investigated. La3+ produced a rapid and marked decrease in contractile force within 1-3 min ("early La(3+)-effect"). The inhibition of contractility by La3+ was reduced progressively when the Ca2+ ion concentration in the perfusion fluid was raised from 2.5 to 7.5 mM. However, after 10-80 min of La3+ perfusion the contractile force was increased significantly ("late La(3+)-effect"). Elevation of Ca2+ during exposure to La3+ increased its effect. During the late La(3+)-effect, a marked decrease in heart rate and a significant increase in time to reach peak tension, time for half relaxation and twitch duration was observed. High concentrations of perfusate Ca2+ decreased the chronotropic response to La3+, in contrast, elevated Ca2+ potentiated La(3+)-induced increase in time to reach peak tension, time for half relaxation and twitch duration. La3+ produced a significant decrease in coronary flow. High Ca2+ augmented the decrease coronary flow. The findings indicate that La3+ may produce marked effects on myocardial function. High extracellular Ca2+ reduces the La(3+)-induced initial decrease in force of contraction, but potentiates the late increase in contractile force by La3+. Elevated external Ca2+ also increases the effects of La3+ on twitch parameters, heart rate and coronary flow. 相似文献