Wirkungen von L-glutaminsäure auf grösse und puff-muster der Larvalen Speicheldrüsenchromosomen von Drosophila melanogaster in vivo

The ratio DNA: RNA in the dry substance of Drosophila melanogaster larvae changes when L-glutamic acid is added to the substratum. The number of cells in the salivary glands is not affected (Fahrig et al., 1967). The present paper deals with the effect of this altered ratio on the puffing pattern of the salivary gland chromosomes.Compared to controls of the same game age, glutamic acid fed prepupae younger than 15 min have five additional puffs. In all, 98 pairs of homologous puffs were studied. In 54 of these, size differences were tested statistically; in the glutamic acid series, 20 puffs were larger and 18 smaller than in the controls whereas 16 had the same size. Size reduction was stronger in the more prominent puffs. In prepupae reared at lower temperatures, chromosomes were significantly longer. Glutamic acid causes a significant increase in chromosome width. Combined measurements of both effects were made by determining the surface area of tested segments. Lowering the temperature adds higher size classes, whereas addition of glutamic acid causes a significant shift of the distributional peak towards the higher size classes. This excludes the possibility of an additional replication cycle. In salivary glands of glutamic acid fed prepupae the majority of nuclei have reached the highest degree of polyteny, which in controls is never found at 25° C but sometimes at 18° C. The agent causing both additional puffing and enhanced growth is effective only via the alimentary tract of the larva.     

β-Ionon und patchoulialkohol aus den unterirdischen teilen von Valeriana officinalis

l-(+)-Bornesitol was detected in 23 of 33 genera of Gentianaceae investigated. The only subtribe without l-(+)-bornesitol (3 species tested) was Exacinae. None of the five genera of Menyanthaceae examined were found to contain l-(+)-bornesitol.     

Entwicklung und Bau der Doppelspermien bei den DytiscidenAcilius sulcatus L.,Dytiscus marginalis L. undHydaticus transversalis Pont. (Coleoptera)

Zusammenfassung BeiAcilius sulcatus undDytiscus marginalis wurde die Spermiogenese bis zu den reifen Doppelspermien, beiHydaticus transversalis wurden nur die reifen Doppelspermien untersucht. Die Konjugation der Spermien dieser Arten erfolgt als letzter Schritt erst im distalen Teil des Hodenausführungsganges. Voraussetzungen für ihr Zustandekommen sind sowohl lokale Differenzierungen der Spermienmembran, alsauch spezifische polysaccharidhaltige Beläge, von denen nach dem Aussehen sowie nach Zeitpunkt und Ort ihres Auftretens vier unterschieden werden können, die teils schon im Zystenlumen, teils erst nach Eindringen des Spermienvorderendes in tiefe Fächer der Zystenwandzellen gebildet werden. Die mit allen Belägen versehenen Einzelspermien treten zusammen mit abgeschnürten Resten der Zystenwandzellen in den Ausführungsgang ein, dessen Epithel die Plasmareste der Zystenwandzellen phagozytiert. Die Beläge der Spermien sind nach der Konjugation verändert. Damit muß als letzte Bedingung für das Zustandekommen des Aneinanderhaftens noch eine Reaktion im Ausführungsgang stattfinden. Weiterhin wurde die Entwicklung des als microtubular border beschriebenen Strukturelements im Schwanz verfolgt und als centriole adjunct identifiziert, welches sich aus Kernmaterial herleitet und zu einem Geißelbegleitkörper modifiziert hat. Schließlich wird auf anscheinend regelmäßige und in zeitlich abgestimmter Folge auftretende Beziehungen des Endomembransystems zu den sich differenzierenden Strukturen der Spermatide hingewiesen.

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Development and structure of the conjugate sperm of the dytiscidaeAcilius sulcatus L.,Dytiscus marginalis L. andHydaticus transversalis pont. (Coleoptera)

Summary Spermiogenesis and structure of the double sperm have been investigated inAcilius sulcatus andDytiscus marginalis whereas only mature double sperm have been studied inHydaticus transversalis. The conjugation of the sperm in these species is accomplished as a last step in the distal part of the vas deferens. Preconditions for the pairing are local differentiations of the sperm membrane in combination with specific layers of polysaccharids. According to their aspect as well as the chronological order and place of their appearance four such layers can be discerned. These are formed in part still in the lumen of the cyst, in part not earlier than after the anterior ends of the sperm have deeply entered into recesses of the surrounding cyst wall cells. Single sperm supplied with all layers and cytoplasmic remnants pinched off from the cyst wall cells enter the vas deferens where the cytoplasmic remainders are phagocytised by its epithelial cells. The layers of the sperm are transformed after conjugation. Thus as a last precondition for the occurrance of pairing a reaction in the vas deferens must take place. Furthermore, the development of the structural element of the tail described as microtubular border has been traced and identified as a centriole adjunct derived from nuclear material and modified to a body accompanying the flagellum. Finally, it is pointed out that apparently regular relationships in temporally correlated sequence exist between the endomembranous system and differentiating structures of the spermatid.

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Mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.

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För die rasterelektronenmikroskopischen Aufnahmen der Abb. 9 danke ich Frau L. Schulz, Homburg, verbindlichst. Die Teilbilder 16g u. h konnten mit einem Siemens Elmiskop 102 aufgenommen werden. För die Anfertigung dieser Aufnahmen bin ich Frau Dr. C. Weichan, Berlin, zu Dank verpflichtet.     

Type V collagen as the target for type-3 fimbriae, enterobacterial adherence organelles

Tissue-binding specificity of the type-3 fimbriae of pathogenic enteric bacteria was determined using frozen sections of human kidney. A wild-type Klebsiella sp. strain and the recombinant strain Escherichia coli HB101(pFK12), both expressing type-3 fimbriae, as well as the purified type-3 fimbriae effectively bound to sites at or adjacent to tubular basement membranes, Bowman's capsule, arterial walls, and the interstitial connective tissue. Bacterial adherence to kidney was decreased after collagenase treatment of the tissue sections. Recombinant strains expressing type-3 fimbriae specifically adhered to type V collagen immobilized on glass slides, whereas other collagens, fibronectin or laminin did not support bacterial adherence. In accordance with these findings, specific binding of purified type-3 fimbriae to immobilized type V collagen was demonstrated. Specific adhesion to type V collagen was also seen with the recombinant strain HB101(pFK52/pDC17), which expresses the mrkD gene of the type-3 fimbrial gene cluster in association with the pap-encoded fimbrial filament of E. coli, showing that the observed binding was mediated by the minor lectin (MrkD) protein of the type-3 fimbrial filament. The interaction is highly dependent on the conformation of type V collagen molecules since type V collagen in solution did not react with the fimbriae. Specific binding to type V collagen was also exhibited by type-3 fimbriate strains of Yersinia and Salmonella, showing that the ability to use type V collagen as tissue target is widespread among enteric bacteria.     

Preparation and characterization of insulin of carp (Cyprinus carpio).

Insulin of carp (Cyprinus carpio) was isolated and crystallized. The insulin was biologically active in two tests; it decreased the blood glucose level and stimulated 14CO2-formation from glucose. The chemical properties are similar to those of insulins from other species. The insulins of carp and of mammals differ greatly immunologically. Antibodies against carp insulin crossreact with carp proinsulin.     

狭义小奥德蘑属（膨瑚菌科,蘑菇目）的一个新系统

本文对狭义小奥德蘑属Oudemansiella s. str.的概念做了修订,在修订后的属中,狭义干蘑属Xerula s. str.的物种不纳入其中。在狭义小奥德蘑属下,提出了一个包含4个组O. sect. Oudemansiella、Mucidula、Dactylosporina 和 Radicatae的新系统。小奥德蘑组sect. Oudemansiella包括热带至南温带的一些物种,如新热带小奥德蘑O. platensis、澳洲小奥德蘑O. australis、旧热带小奥德蘑O. canarii和宽褶小奥德蘑O. crassifolia,这些物种的菌盖表皮为粘栅栏型,由菌丝组成,但其中常夹杂有链状排列的膨大细胞。粘蘑组sect. Mucidula包含北半球温带至亚热带的一些物种,如粘小奥德蘑O. mucida、网褶小奥德蘑O. venosolamellata和近粘小奥德蘑O. submucida,其菌盖表皮为粘子实层-栅栏型,由近棒状的顶端膨大细胞组成。小奥德蘑组和粘蘑组的物种,在外形和小生境上有相似之处,其担子果皆生于地表外的腐木上,菌柄上有或无菌环。刺孢组sect. Dactylosporina包含中南美洲那些孢子表面有指状凸起的物种。长根组sect. Radicatae由长根小奥德蘑O. radicata及其近缘种为代表,是该属中最大的组,包括该属其他三组之外的所有种。北美的O. americana、欧洲的O. caussei 和东亚的O. hongoi曾被置于小奥德蘑属中的白毛组O. sect. Albotomentosae或干蘑属的亮毛组X. sect. Hyalosetae,在本系统中它们没有纳入小奥德蘑属,因为它们可能代表一个单独的属。本文还提出了1新等级、32个新组合和1个新名称。