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41.
Gerald Houghton 《Bulletin of mathematical biology》1966,28(4):487-500
A two-dimensional nonlinear integro-differential equation with time-varying coefficients describing the behavior of the fluttering
wing-body systems typical of natural flight mechanisms has been deduced from the Navier-Stokes equation which generalizes
local pressure and velocity distributions in the externally oscillating air field. The resulting equation for the wing forces
is combined with an analogous expression for the forces of gravitation and acceleration associated with the body. The air
acceleration force, not previously considered in bio-physical models of insect and bird flight, is shown to arise from a formal
analysis of unsteady or time-varying contributions to the velocity field, while the square form of the conventional steady
state aerodynamic forces is derived from the intertial terms in the Navier-Stokes equation with the aid of the approximations
of Newtonian impact theory. Previous calculations (Houghton, 1964) have indicated that the contribution to gravitational stability
of air acceleration and aerodynamic life are roughly in the ratio of 3:1. 相似文献
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Heide Schatten Calvin Simerly Gerd Maul Gerald Schatten 《Molecular reproduction and development》1989,23(3):309-322
Microtubule assembly is required for the formation of the male and female pronuclei during mouse, but not sea urchin, fertilization. In mouse oocytes, 50 μM colcemid prevents the decondensation of the maternal meiotic chromosomes and of the incorporated sperm nucleus during in vitro fertilization. Nuclear lamins do not associate with either of the parental chromatin sets although peripherin, the PI nuclear peripheral antigen, appears on both. DN A synthesis docs not occur in these fertilized, colcemid-arrested oocytes. This effect is limited to the first hours after ovulation, since colcemid added 4–6 hours later no longer prevents pronuclear development, lamin acquisition, or DNA synthesis. Neither microtubule stabilization with 10 μM taxol nor microfilament inhibition with 10 μM cytochalasin D or 2.2 μg/ml lalrunculin A prevent these pronuclear events; these drugs will inhibit the apposition of the pronuclei at the egg center. In sea urchin eggs, colcemid or griseofulvin treatment doe? not result in the same effect and the male pronucleus forms with the attendant accumulation of the nuclear lamins. The differences in the requirement for microtubule assembly during pronucleus formation may be related to the cell cycle: In mice the sperm enters a meiotic cytoplasm, whereas in sea urchin eggs it enters an interphase cytoplasm. Refertilization of mitotic sea urchin eggs was performed to test the possibility that this phenomenon is related to whether the sperm enters a meiotic/mitotic cytoplasm or one at interphase; during refertilization at first mitosis, the incorporated sperm nucleus is unable to decondense and acquire lamins. These results indicate a requirement for microtubule assembly for the progression from meiosis to first interphase during mouse fertilization and suggest that the cytoskeleton is required for changes in nuclear architecture necessary during fertilization and the cell cycle. 相似文献
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During insect metamorphosis, the nervous system must be reorganized to allow the production of unique behaviors during each life stage. In the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta, it has been possible to follow this postembryonic phase of neuronal development at the level of identified neurons. Of particular interest in the present context are sensory neurons, motoneurons, and interneurons which persist through metamorphosis, but participate in different types of behavior at different stages of life. Many of these neurons undergo striking changes in their dendritic arborizations and axonal projection patterns, which can be correlated with changes in their synaptic interactions with other neurons. Manipulations of the ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone titers, both in vivo and in vitro, implicate these hormones in the regulation of metamorphic changes within the nervous system. Taking advantage of this endocrine control, it has been possible to create heterochronic mosaic animals that allow the relationship between specific cellular changes and behavioral alterations to be tested directly. 相似文献