Appearance of lymphocyte surface markers and functional responses in neonatal and young rabbit spleens

We examined spleen cells from newborn to 1-month-old rabbits for easily detectable surface immunoglobulin, complement receptors, and for in vitro proliferative responsiveness to anti-immunoglobulin antisera and several mitogens. From birth through the first month of life about 15% of the cells from rabbit spleens had easily detectable surface immunoglobulin while about 45% had C3 receptors. In adults as many as 77% of the spleen cells had easily detectable surface Ig but the proportion with C3 receptors remained about 45%. The proliferative response to anti-allotype antisera was present at birth, and was at adult levels by 1 month of age. The proliferative response to pokeweed mitogen was low when cells were obtained during the first week of life but was comparable in magnitude to the response of adult cells by 2 weeks of age. In vitro responsiveness to concanavalin A was present at low levels at birth and increased sharply during the first week. We did not observe significant stimulation of spleen cells from neonatal to 4-week-old rabbits by lipopolysaccharide from Salmonella typhosa. Our data suggest that lymphocyte surface markers and functional responses appear asynchronously in spleen cells of developing rabbits.     

Calycadenia hooveri (Asteraceae), a new tarweed from California

In accord with its cytological and morphological distinctiveness and its geographical disjunction, the Sierran element ofC. pauciflora A. Gray is described as a new species,C. hooveri. Its chromosome number ofn = 7 is documented for the first time. Evidence from cytogenetic analysis of synthetic hybrids is presented to support the conclusion thatC. hooveri is more closely related toC. villosa DC. than toC. pauciflora. Characteristics of ligule morphology and the distribution of the peculiar saucer-shaped glands on the peduncular and receptacular bracts of these species also support the new interpretation.     

Chromosome numbers in some North American species of the genus Cirsium. III. Western United States,Mexico, and Guatemala

New data are presented on chromosome numbers for 36 species, two varieties, and two hybrids ofCirsium (Compositae). These include first reports forC. rhothophilum (2n = 34),C. andrewsii (2n = 32),C. crassicaule (2n = 32),C. quercetorum (2n= 32, 112),C. pascuarense (2n= 32),C. douglasii var.canescens (2n = 30, 34),C. hydrophilum (2n = 32),C. neomexicanum (2n = 30),C. cymosum (2n = 30, 34),C. acantholepis (2n= 34),C. radians (2n = 34), C.grahami (2n = 32),C. nigriceps (2n = 36),C. andersonii (2n= 32, 64),C. anartiolepis (2n = 34), andC. subcoriaceum (2n= 34). The published data on chromosome numbers of Eurasian and AmericanCirsium are summarized. In Eurasia, speciation has taken place primarily at the diploid level but is occasionally reinforced by polyploidy. The ancestral base number of 17 has been preserved in almost all species, and there is little evidence that reduction in chromosome number has played a significant role in speciation. In America speciation has proceeded exclusively at the diploid level, but the ancestral genome of 17 chromosomes has been retained in only about half of the species examined. In the remaining species, restructuring of the genome has occurred resulting in a reduction in number from 17 to 9 in extreme cases. Polyploidy, when seen, is of no significance. It is suggested that all species with greatly reduced numbers may represent products of a single reduction series.     

Influence of clay minerals on sorption of bacteriolytic enzymes

Myxobacteria presumably produce extracellular bacteriolytic enzymes when they are growing in soil. In order to study their ecological significance, adsorption experiments were performed with lytic enzymes produced byMyxococcus virescens in casitone media. Different soils as well as montmorillonite and kaolinite can rapidly adsorb the bacteriolytic but not the proteolytic enzymes. About 1 gm of montmorillonite per liter of cell-free culture solution is enough for the adsorption of 97% of the bacteriolytic enzymes. The adsorption per unit weight is about 100 times greater on montmorillonite than on kaolinite. About 40% of the adsorbed enzymes can be eluted with solutions of high pH or high ionic strength. The only desorbed bacteriolytic enzyme is the alanyl-∈-N-lysine endopeptidase.     

The genitalia and associated glands of five British species belonging to the family Neobisiidae (Pseudoscorpiones: Arachnida)

The male and female genitalia and associated glands of five British species ( Neobisium carpenteri, N. maritimum, N. muscorum, Roncus lubricus and Microcreagris cambridgei ) representing three genera and belonging to the family Neobisiidae, are described. Both the taxonomic and functional significance of the genitalia are considered.     

Equilibrium and stability in laboratory model of sewage ponds and polluted rivers

The persistence under controlled chemical and physical conditions and the ability to respond to defined environmental changes was follow d in extremely simple (homogenous or 2-phase) ecosystems with continuous or semicontinuous flow. In the homogenous case the Aufwuchs was removed. Primary productivity and community respiration were computed by means of continuous recording of dissolved oxygen. Under constant environmental conditions the systems usually exhibited slow oscillations of the ecosystem parameters around an equilibrium state. The temporal variations of functional criteria such as elimination rate of easily degradable organic substances or daily oxygen amplitude were slight in comparison to the significant random oscillations in individual numbers of the predominating species of phytoplankton and zooplankton. One of the mechanisms responsible for this functional stability may be the inverse relationship between biomass and activity per unit biomass as observed also in the laboratory models. If the sewage pond microecosystems after a shut down in the inflow were operated without any exchange of nutrients and gases they nevertheless maintained a very high level both of autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolism. Step forcing of nutrient (sewage) concentration, dilution rate or day length produced a new equilibrium state within 1 or 2 days, if the functional criteria mentioned above were taken as output signals. Also in the case of pulse forcing such a rapid adaptation was to be observed. This may contribute to the fact, that the turnover rate of the population was in the same range as the renewal rate of the water. The results are discussed with respect to short and long term effects of abatement of pollution from flowing and standing waters.     

Staining of Some Specific Regions of Human Chromosomes,particularly the Secondary Constriction of No. 9

SEVERAL procedures have been described recently which produce specific patterns of differential staining in human chromosomes^1–9. Techniques which involve DNA denaturation and reannealing reveal deeply stained areas on centromere and secondary constriction regions which have been equated with constitutive heterochromatin⁹.     

The mode of action of thidiazuron: auxins,indoleamines, and ion channels in the regeneration of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Echinacea purpurea</Emphasis> L.

The biochemical mechanisms underlying thidiazuron (TDZ)-induced regeneration in plant cells have not been clearly elucidated. Exposure of leaf explants of Echinacea purpurea to a medium containing TDZ results in undifferentiated cell proliferation and differentiated growth as mixed shoot organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. The current studies were undertaken to determine the potential roles of auxin, indoleamines, and ion signaling in the dedifferentiation and redifferentiation of plant cells. E. purpurea leaf explants were found to contain auxin and the related indoleamine neurotransmitters, melatonin, and serotonin. The levels of these endogenous indoleamines were increased by exposure to TDZ associated with the induction of regeneration. The auxin-transport inhibitor 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid and auxin action inhibitor, p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid decreased the TDZ-induced regeneration but increased concentrations of endogenous serotonin and melatonin. As well, inhibitors of calcium and sodium transport significantly reduced TDZ-induced morphogenesis while increasing endogenous indoleamine content. These data indicate that TDZ-induced regeneration is the manifestation of a metabolic cascade that includes an initial signaling event, accumulation, and transport of endogenous plant signals such as auxin and melatonin, a system of secondary messengers, and a concurrent stress response.     

Biology of the Galapagos shark,Carcharhinus galapagensis, in Hawai'i

Synopsis Catch records from the Hawai'i Cooperative Shark Research and Control Program, which operated in Hawai'i from 1967–1969, were examined and data on the Galapagos shark,Carcharhinus galapagensis were analyzed. A total of 304 Galapagos sharks was caught, predominantly with longlines. More female sharks were caught than males, and the catch was skewed geographically. On the island of O'ahu the highest catch rates occurred along the north and south coasts. High catch rates also occurred near points of land, where longshore currents converge. Average depth of capture was greater for juveniles (45.1 m) and mature males (60.2 m), than for subadults (38.8 m) and mature female sharks (34.2 m). Males appear to reach maturity between 205 and 239 cm total length, and females between 215 and 245 cm. Litter size ranged from 4 to 16 pups, with an average of 8.7. In Hawaiian waters Galapagos sharks are born at just over 80 cm total length. Mating and parturition apparently occur early in the year, and gestation is estimated to be about 12 months. Stomach contents consisted mainly of teleosts and benthic prey, and ontogenetic changes in diet occurred as sharks increased in size. Sharks consumed a smaller proportion of teleosts and more elasmobranchs with increasing size. Dietary diversity also increased with increasing size of shark.